Q&A Hero

Q: The term "religion" refers to a. a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things. b. a belief in individualism, thrift, self-sacrifice, and productivity. c. any demand that exceeds a person's ability to cope. d. a group of individuals related by blood or marriage.

Q: Which of the following is not one of Kluckhohn's (1961) five basic questions? a. How do humans relate to each other? b. What is the valued personality type? c. What is the relationship of humans to nature? d. What is the value of money?

Q: Rules, patterns, or standards that express cultural values and reflect how individuals are supposed to behave are called a. norms. b. orientations. c. values d. skills.

Q: The group that values associative, practical, objective, and formal interpersonal relationships is a. Gesellschaft. b. collectivistic. c. Gemeinschaft. d. individualistic.

Q: The theory stating that it is the parents' genes rather than socioeconomic status that ultimately influences the life experiences of the children is which of the following? a. The social selection theoretical model of socioeconomics b. The bioecological theory c. The social causation theoretical model of socioeconomics d. Erikson's psychosocial theory

Q: Youth Build, a program in which adolescents build and renovate low-cost housing, is thought to be successful because of its a. caring staff. b. commitment of the staff. c. sense of family and community among members. d. all of these.

Q: Oakes and Rossi (2003) proposed that socioeconomic status can be defined in terms of all of the following except a. material capital. b. human capital. c. cognitive capital. d. social capital.

Q: The structure and syntax of language used by the upper-middle class are _________ than that used by the lower class. a. more simple b. more complex c. more rigid d. none of these

Q: Upper-class parents tend to emphasize which of the following? a. Not being a nuisance b. Meeting the high expectations of past family achievements c. Reasoning d. All of these

Q: Individuals at the "bottom" of the social structure who perceive themselves as having little chance of ever escaping poverty would be classified as members of the a. upper-middle class. b. lower-middle class. c. upper-working class. d. underclass.

Q: Edwin and Lavonne are a typical, hard-working family in the United States. Edwin owns a small business and Lavonne stays home with the children. They both value achievement, respect, and having harmonious interpersonal relationships within their family. Based on this description, Edwin and Lavonne would be classified as a. upper class. b. lower-middle class. c. lower class. d. underclass.

Q: Which of the following is true? a. Social class membership begins exerting an influence only in the elementary school years. b. Social class membership begins exerting its influence before birth. c. Social class affects individual outcome(s) only during the adult working years. d. Social class has little effect on individual outcome(s).

Q: Which of the following is a difference between traditional and modern societies? a. The traditional society looks to the past for ways to behave; a modern society looks to the present. b. A modern society values its elders; the traditional society does not. c. Traditional societies tend to use achieved status; modern societies do not. d. None of these; traditional and modern societies are the same.

Q: Social status that is determined by family lineage, gender, birth order, or skin color is called a. ascribed status. b. achieved status. c. traditional status. d. new status.

Q: In colonial times, families were a. patriarchal and extended. b. matriarchal and extended. c. patriarchal and geographically separated. d. egalitarian.

Q: Which of the following best characterizes changes in the role of fatherhood over historical time? a. Economic provider to caregiver/nurturer b. Patriarchal to matriarchal c. More involved to less involved d. Caregiver to worker

Q: From a historical perspective (preindustrial times up to today), which of the following best describes changes in the role of children? a. Economic asset to economic liability b. Economic liability to economic asset c. Pupils of school to pupils of life d. Cooperative to responsible

Q: Research finds that children who have mothers employed outside the home have a. less stereotyped views of gender roles. b. less disposable income. c. the same models for the mothering role as children whose mothers stay home. d. more stereotyped views of gender roles.

Q: A common problem found in dual-earner families is a. lack of spousal support. b. role overload. c. lack of multiple roles. d. lack of role models for the children.

Q: Adoptive children may a. create fantasies about their birth parents. b. deny they were adopted. c. believe they did something bad to be sent away from the biological parent. d. all of these.

Q: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that adoptive parents do which of the following? a. Tell the adopted child about the adoption in a way the child can understand based on age and maturity. b. Keep the fact that the child was adopted a secret. c. At about age 18, initiate the first discussion of adoption with the adopted child. d. Tell an adopted child everything they can as soon as possible after the adoption.

Q: According to your text, the technical definition of marriage is which of the following? a. A legal contract with certain rights and obligations b. A contract with certain rights and responsibilities that is not legally binding c. A system of informal and formal social supports d. A relationship between two consenting adults

Q: The estimated divorce rate for second marriages is a. 10%. b. 25%. c. 50%. d. 60%.

Q: In which stepfamily would we expect to see children with the most behavior problems? a. Stepfamily with children from dad's previous marriage b. Stepfamily with children from mom's previous marriage c. Stepfamily with no children d. Stepfamily with children from both mom's previous marriage and dad's previous marriage

Q: One of the most common unrealistic expectations of blended families is a. lack of love. b. instant love. c. lack of jealously. d. changing their place of residence.

Q: Because of the changing nature of families, the U.S. Bureau of the Census no longer provides statistics on the number of children residing in a. single-parent families. b. stepfamilies. c. urban areas. d. high-poverty areas.

Q: Increasing numbers of children are being raised by relatives other than their parents. The most common of these arrangements is children being raised by a. grandparents. b. older siblings. c. aunts and uncles. d. neighbors.

Q: An analysis of studies on children in joint physical or legal custody showed that these children were a. more poorly adjusted than children in sole-custody settings. b. better adjusted than children in sole-custody settings. c. similar in terms of adjustment. d. none of these; joint custody no longer exists in the United States.

Q: Binuclear families differ from joint-custody families in that a. not all binuclear families have joint custody. b. in the binuclear family, children are always part of two or more households. c. not all binuclear families have joint custody and in the binuclear family, children are always part of two or more households . d. none of these; binuclear and joint-custody families are the same.

Q: Compared to research examining single-parent mothers, _________ research has been done on children being raised by single-parent fathers. a. little b. more longitudinal (research over time) c. much d. more comprehensive

Q: Jennifer just got a divorce. She is expected to experience which of the following? a. Economic strain b. Physical strain c. Emotional strain d. All of these

Q: One serious long-term effect of divorce is thought to be a. too many role models for the children. b. too many siblings and step-siblings. c. the lack of or removal of models showing what the marriage role is like. d. too much time with either parent.

Q: Which children are most likely to blame themselves for their parents' divorce? a. Infants b. Preschool-aged children c. Adolescent children d. Adult children

Q: Caring and involvement toward one another is an example of which function of the family? a. Nurturance/emotional support b. Economic support c. Assignment of social roles d. Authority

Q: Great Britain's royal family is an example of a(n) _________ family. a. transitional b. matriarchal c. patriarchal d. egalitarian

Q: Keisha's family consists of her mother, her father, and Keisha. For Keisha, this is her family of a. orientation. b. extension. c. procreation. d. childbearing.

Q: List and describe the seven outcomes of socialization found in your text. Choose two and describe systems critical in their development from a bioecological perspective.

Q: Imagine you are presenting an in-service to staff at a child care center. The topic of your presentation is cognitive methods of socialization. Describe what you will say, providing an overview the concepts of instruction, reasoning, and the setting of standards.

Q: As described in your text, explain why social groups vary in terms of their ability to influence individual members.

Q: Describe the difference between punishment and feedback, and give examples of each.

Q: Imagine you are a kindergarten teacher on the first day of class, and you are using principles from behaviorism (operant learning) to teach the children to put away their toys. Describe how you might do this, including key terms as appropriate.

Q: Describe how observational methods of socialization differ from cognitive methods of socialization, and give examples.

Q: Describe the significance of attachment as a mediator in parent"child interactions.

Q: Describe how affective methods of socialization differ from sociocultural methods of socialization, and give examples.

Q: List and describe the main agents of socialization in the microsystem.

Q: Describe the six methods of socialization and give a specific example of each.

Q: Compare the early stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development to Erikson's later stages. Focus your discussion on how developmental tasks change over time, including the term(s) for each stage as appropriate.

Q: _________ are qualities that an individual understands to characterize males and females in his or her culture.

Q: Moral values such as guilt, shame, and empathy are examples of the _________ component of morality.

Q: An inborn motive to explore, understand, and control one's environment is known as _________ motivation.

Q: "I failed because I didn"t study" is an example of a(n) _________ attribution.

Q: Qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important are called _________.

Q: _________ refers to a process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks.

Q: A debutante ball and a circumcision ceremony are examples of _________.

Q: A ceremonial observation of a prescribed rule or custom is called a(n) _________.

Q: The handing down of customs, stories, and beliefs from generation to generation is known as ________________.

Q: John has a parenting style that is child-centered but lacks directives or authority. John's style is termed _________.

Q: Reasoning from a general principle to a specific case is called _________ reasoning.

Q: _________ is a term for actions that are intended to aid or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards.

Q: Instruction, standard setting, and reasoning are all examples of the ______ socialization method.

Q: _________ refers to a form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person perform a behavior and experience its consequence.

Q: Feedback usually _________ subsequent performance.

Q: _________ refers to physically or psychologically painful stimuli.

Q: Timeout is a type of ___________________ in which all reinforcement is removed.

Q: When a reward, or pleasant consequence, is given for desired behavior, this is called _________ reinforcement.

Q: Reinforcement and extinction are associated with _________ methods of socialization. _________ refers to an object or event that is presented following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

Q: Speaking or writing in support of a person, a group, or a cause is known as _______________.

Q: A group of people living in the same geographical area who are bound together politically and economically is considered a(n) _________.

Q: The _________________ is a source of social comparison.

Q: Family patterns that stress individual achievement, separateness of generations, egalitarianism, and consensus are termed _________.

Q: As the child progresses from infancy to childhood, emotional and behavioral regulation gradually shifts from ______________ socializing agents to ________________, self-induced mechanisms.

Q: Interest in establishing and guiding the next generation is called _________.

Q: According to Erikson, adolescents are working on identity vs. _________.

Q: Erikson's term for the developmental task in the play years (ages 3 to 5) is _________.

Q: The value one places on his or her identity is termed _________.

Q: Which of the following is the main difference between the term "gender" and the term "sex"? a. "Gender" refers to psychological attributes, whereas "sex" refers to biological attributes. b. "Sex" refers to psychological attributes, whereas "gender" refers to biological attributes. c. None of these; the terms "sex" and "gender" refer to the same thing. d. "Gender" refers to chromosomes; "sex" refers to biological attributes.

Q: Professor Jones is studying how a person responds to the temptation to violate moral rules, such as lying and cheating. Professor Jones is studying which aspect of moral development? a. Affective b. Cognitive c. Behavioral d. Cognitive-developmental

Q: Values differ from attitudes in that values are a. learned from socializing agents. b. acquired by modeling others. c. qualities or beliefs as opposed to tendencies to respond. d. all of these.

Q: Apprenticeship programs typically progress from _________ to _________. a. collaborating; structuring b. structuring; transferring c. reasoning; explaining d. open/expressive; restrained/private

Q: Rituals that signify changes in individuals' status as they move through the cycle of life are referred to as which of the following? a. Rites of passage b. Cultural stereotypes c. Values d. Mastery motivations