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Elementary Education
Q:
Miller (1989) found that in day care centers, _________ varied according to the socioeconomic status of the center's clientele (families).
a. language interactions
b. social interactions
c. both language and social interactions
d. none of these
Q:
Ideology refers to
a. concepts about human life and behavior.
b. a child's readiness to learn.
c. developmental changes associated with the biological process of aging.
d. coming from a different cultural or economic background than someone else.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the five minds for the future curriculum, according to Howard Gardner?
a. The disciplined mind
b. The cognitive mind
c. The synthesizing mind
d. The ethical mind
Q:
The curriculum style that is individualized to each child's stage of development is the
a. developmental interaction curriculum.
b. Montessori curriculum.
c. direct instruction curriculum.
d. cognitively oriented curriculum.
Q:
The Montessori curriculum is
a. leaner-directed.
b. teacher-directed.
c. a direct instruction curriculum.
d. identical to the Bereiter-Engelmann program.
Q:
A curriculum based on behaviorist principles is the
a. direct instruction curriculum.
b. developmental interaction curriculum.
c. Piagetian curriculum.
d. maturational curriculum.
Q:
The sensorimotor stage differs from the preoperational stage in that in the preoperational stage, the
a. child is using symbols consistently.
b. child is engaged in abstract thought.
c. child's thinking is centered around senses and motor abilities.
d. child's though processes focus on assimilation.
Q:
Which of the following can be characterized as "thinking based on appearances"?
a. Preoperational
b. Concrete operational
c. Post-operational
d. Sensorimotor
Q:
Piaget's term for the state of balance between assimilation and accommodation is
a. sensorimotor.
b. conservation.
c. equilibrium.
d. direct instruction.
Q:
The cognitively oriented curriculum
a. does not allow exploration and experimentation on the part of the child.
b. strives to apply Piaget's theory to the classroom.
c. relies heavily on reward and punishment.
d. is teacher-directed.
Q:
Company A is interested putting a child care center on the grounds of its new manufacturing plant. If plans for the center go through, and Company A is similar to other companies, the company should expect which of the following?
a. Fewer people will be calling in "sick" for reasons related to child care.
b. It will be easier to recruit new employees.
c. Employees will have a more positive attitude toward their work.
d. All of these are correct.
Q:
Karoly (1998) followed nine early intervention programs and concluded that early child care and education did have lasting effects. Karoly's study included which of the following characteristics?
a. Children were randomly assigned to groups.
b. Children were followed over 25 years.
c. The study included objective measures, such as level of criminal activity.
d. All of these are correct.
Q:
Elena is 11. Elena walks home from school and lets herself into the house with her own house key. In this respect, Elena is similar to about what percentage of children in fourth through eighth grade?
a. 1%
b. 10%
c. 22%
d. 50%
Q:
Where would we most expect to find unsupervised children?
a. Day care centers
b. Low-income communities
c. In homes where mothers work full-time and parents are divorced or separated
d. In communities with high adult-to-child ratios (more adults per child)
Q:
The care settings most often used for infants and toddlers are
a. relatives, family day care homes, and day care centers.
b. relatives, friends, and older neighbors.
c. day-care centers and schools.
d. family day care homes and day care centers only.
Q:
Influences on socialization outcomes in child care settings include which of the following?
a. Family socioeconomic status
b. Family structure
c. Parental educational level
d. All of these
Q:
The best type of intervention for "at-risk" children is one that
a. reinforces the family as a child-rearing system.
b. rakes over the family role.
c. becomes the primary source of affection for the child.
d. excludes parents from the program.
Q:
According to your text, the intellectual performance of children who attend a quality day care program is _________ that of children from similar family backgrounds who do not attend a day care program.
a. higher than
b. lower than
c. about the same as
d. none of these; research has not measured this aspect.
Q:
Compared to other children, research finds that children who have been in full-time child care programs are
a. more socially competent.
b. less aggressive.
c. more fearful.
d. more compliant with adult demands.
Q:
When looking at attachment, one should consider the possibility of differences in _________ among infants who attend child care and those who do not.
a. coping style
b. mothers
c. number of hours in care
d. all of these
Q:
According to your text, the latest research indicates that children who attend quality child care programs are _________ attached to their mothers than children who are cared for at home.
a. more negatively
b. more insecurely
c. similarly
d. more
Q:
According to Belsky (1988, 1992), full-time child care (more than 20 hours per week)
a. is not linked to emotional development in later childhood.
b. is linked to increased risk for emotional problems in later childhood.
c. has not been studied.
d. is not related to attachment.
Q:
The Skeels (1966) study showed that
a. children need do not need care and nurturance to develop normally.
b. baby monkeys cling to their mothers when frightened.
c. infants who are initially deprived can grow up normally if caring, nurturing adults intervene.
d. infants cannot be separated from their mothers.
Q:
Which of the following was a finding in the research conducted by Spitz (1946)?
a. It was better for infants to be raised by their mothers than it was for infants to be raised by group care in a foundling home.
b. It was better for infants to be raised in a foundling home than in prison.
c. It made no difference who raised the infants.
d. It was better for infants to be raised by their mothers in prison only if the mother was over 35.
Q:
Which is an argument used against federal funding for early care and education programs?
a. Families should be able to care for their own without outside assistance.
b. Public money spent to enhance the early childhood years is more beneficial than public money spent to correct a deficiency in later childhood.
c. Of children with employed mothers, approximately 80% of those aged 5 and younger are in a child care arrangement for an average of almost 40 hours per week.
d. The period in a child's life from birth to age 5 is critical for the development of physical, emotional, social, and cognitive skills.
Q:
In the United States, the first cooperative nursery school was established at which of the following?
a. The St. Louis World's fair
b. The University of Chicago
c. The University of Houston
d. A Russian cultural center in Chicago
Q:
The day nurseries of the mid-19th century could best be described as
a. developmental.
b. custodial.
c. unnecessary.
d. limited to the upper class.
Q:
Janet provides child care in her home 5 days per week. Which of the following is true about Janet?
a. She was required to go through an accreditation process (through the NAFCC) for her home day care.
b. She had the option of going through an accreditation process (through the NAFCC) for her home day care.
c. She would only be required to go through an accreditation process (through the NAFCC) if she had more than 10 children in her care.
d. There is not an accreditation process for family day care homes.
Q:
The accreditation of child care centers is done by the _________, whereas the accreditation of family day care homes is through the _________.
a. NAEYC; NAFCC
b. NAFCC; NAEYC
c. INA; CPR
d. None of these
Q:
The process of supporting a person, group, or cause is called
a. advocacy.
b. engagement.
c. compromise.
d. enrichment.
Q:
Mason and Duberstein (1992) found that parents focused on which of the following when choosing child care?
a. Availability
b. Affordability
c. Both availability and affordability
d. Neither availability nor affordability
Q:
Researchers have identified factors contributing to "less-than-optimal" quality in child care centers. Which of the following would be on the researchers' list?
a. Staff turnover is high.
b. All the caregivers have degrees in child development.
c. There are fewer children per adult.
d. The staff is paid well.
Q:
Early childhood classrooms with smaller groups and trained teachers allow teachers to
a. engage in more social interaction with the children.
b. buy more books for the program.
c. assume more authoritarian roles.
d. engage in less parent"teacher communication.
Q:
The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale is a measure used to assess which of the following?
a. Quality in child care settings
b. Playground equipment
c. Parents' attitudes toward child care
d. IQ (intelligence)
Q:
Of the following, which is the most significant predictor of quality in child care?
a. The teacher's gender
b. The cost of the program
c. Whether or not the caregiver has specialized training in child development
d. Where the center is located
Q:
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 allows qualified employees to take how much unpaid leave per year?
a. 2 weeks
b. 6 weeks
c. 12 weeks
d. 36 weeks
Q:
Child care provided for children before or after school hours or during vacation is called
a. preschool.
b. extended day care.
c. Montessori.
d. egocentric.
Q:
Individualistic groups tend to value _________ authority, whereas collectivistic groups tend to value _________ authority.
a. achieved; ascribed
b. ascribed; earned-through-hard- work
c. collective; individual
d. none of these
Q:
Research comparing ethnic groups suggests that Latino Americans tend to
a. encourage children to learn by observation, by doing, and by the reactions of others.
b. include children in many adult activities.
c. use feedback.
d. all of these.
Q:
Ethnic groups are found to vary (differ) in their
a. displays of emotion.
b. discipline of children.
c. emphasis on specific skills.
d. all of these.
Q:
Interdependent relations, social responsibility, and the well-being of the group are emphasized in
a. collectivist cultures.
b. traditional cultures.
c. individualism.
d. classism.
Q:
Universal goals of parenting include
a. ensuring a college education.
b. ensuring physical health and survival.
c. ensuring economic wealth.
d. all of these.
Q:
A parent's workplace is thought to affect
a. his or her perception of life.
b. the way he or she parents.
c. the way he or she interacts with family members.
d. all of these.
Q:
Kohn (1977, 1995) found that, compared to other families, middle-class families were more likely to judge their children's behavior in terms of
a. its immediate consequences.
b. the child's motives.
c. its external characteristics.
d. whether or not it conformed to social norms.
Q:
Parents of low socioeconomic status may use "commanding without explanation" because
a. they would rather not talk to their children.
b. it requires less time and effort than other methods.
c. it is less efficient than other methods.
d. they are under less stress than parents of higher socioeconomic statuses.
Q:
A society in which one person has unlimited power over others is called
a. an autocracy.
b. a democracy.
c. collectivistic.
d. automatic.
Q:
Political ideology refers to
a. theories pertaining to government.
b. theories specific to child development.
c. the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
d. an individual's rank or position within society.
Q:
Parenting is
a. bidirectional.
b. dynamic.
c. both bidirectional and dynamic.
d. neither bidirectional nor dynamic.
Q:
Compare and contrast parenting practices of parents from middle-class backgrounds and those of parents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.
Q:
Imagine you work for the local historical society. Write an essay describing changes in parenting over historical time.
Q:
Describe the experience of disability as it relates to family dynamics. Include in your description the perspective of parents, children, and siblings.
Q:
Summarize the research on the relationship between parenting style and child outcomes.
Q:
Explain the concept of goodness-of-fit and how it relates to parenting behavior.
Q:
Using the following scenario, explain and describe each of Baumrind's styles of parenting. How would a parent of each style handle this situation?
Scenario:
A 10-year-old boy throws a ball in the house and breaks a lamp. He has been told before, and knows the rule, that there is no throwing balls in the house.
Q:
Describe the differences among authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting styles.
Q:
Compare and contrast the different types of attachment according to Ainsworth et al. (1978).
Q:
Describe how parenting behavior is affected by parental occupation, and give examples.
Q:
Imagine you are a life coach. You are working with a childless couple who are considering having a baby. Describe the specific family characteristics linked to parenting outcomes as outlined in your text. Focus your discussion on characteristics related to family size, configuration, life stage, marital quality, and coping ability.
Q:
Compare and contrast a collectivist/interdependent orientation with one that is competitive/independent. Focus your answer on the ways in which collectivist and competitive perspectives impact the parenting role.
Q:
When a parent, instead of seeing him- or herself as the nurturer of the child, expects the child to meet the parent's needs for love, this is an example of _________.
Q:
Many abusers have a history of being _________.
Q:
The type of abuse that refers to sexual relations between closely related persons is called _________.
Q:
Maltreatment involving deliberate harm to the child's body is called _________ abuse.
Q:
Actions toward a child that include things such as unkindness, harshness, rejection, neglect, deprivation, abuse, and/or violence are termed _________.
Q:
When a child misbehaves and the parent leads the way by directing, demonstrating, or supervising the correct response, that parent is using _________.
Q:
Parenting practices that consider the child's age capacity; maintain reasonable expectations; consider the child's strengths, limitations, and needs; utilize a range of acceptable disciplinary measures; provide care, nurturing, and support; and model self-control are termed _________ .
Q:
Jasmine gets attention in socially acceptable ways, uses adults as resources, and gets along well with others. We would call Jasmine a(n) __________ child.
Q:
According to Baumrind, the parent who is characterized by the phrase "Do it because. . ." is considered the ______ type of parent.
Q:
In Baumrind's study, children who showed little responsibility and scored in the middle range on social responsibility had parents whose style was considered _________.
Q:
A style of insensitive, indifferent parenting with few demands or rules is _________.
Q:
According to Maccoby and Martin (1983), parenting styles are usually classified by the dimensions of acceptance/responsiveness and _________.
Q:
Behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation, is called _________.
Q:
Parents in the last stage of Galinsky's model are in the stage termed _________.
Q:
Parents encourage ___________ to be more dependent, affectionate, and emotional than ____________.
Q:
Children with _________ temperaments need consistent, patient, and objective parents who can handle their instability.
Q:
Children who have low activity levels and are initially withdrawn but slowly adapt to new situations have a temperament characterized as _________.
Q:
The Freudian term for arrested development is _________.
Q:
The theory that observed behavior, rather than what exists in the mind, provides the only valid data for psychology is called _________.
Q:
The researcher whose theory of personality emphasized unconscious forces in the mind is _________.
Q:
John Locke's best known concept is that of the _________.