Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Elementary Education
Q:
Children aged 2 to 7 years are in the stage Piaget termed _________.
Q:
Conceptions and reasoning about people, the self, relations between people, social group roles and rules, and the relations of such conceptions to social behavior are called _________.
Q:
_________ refers to behavior informed by an understanding of others' feelings and intentions, the ability to respond appropriately, and knowledge of the consequences of one's actions.
Q:
According to researchers, adolescents turn to their parents for _________-oriented decisions.
Q:
The sense of belonging develops first within the ___________________.
Q:
_________ is the term that refers to individuals who are of approximately the same gender, age, and social status and who share interests.
Q:
In a classic study by Lewin, Lippitt, and White (1939), 10-year-old boys were found to show more enjoyment, and continued to work even harder, when the leader with which leadership style left the room?
a. Authoritarian
b. Democratic
c. Laissez-faire
d. None of these
Q:
Positive Peer Culture (PPC) aims to
a. redirect delinquent youth.
b. mobilize the power of the peer group.
c. increase the self-worth of delinquent youth.
d. all of these.
Q:
Gangs tend to consist of
a. many individuals of one cultural group.
b. many individuals, each from a different cultural group.
c. biracial individuals.
d. none of these.
Q:
Gang members usually come from families with _________ adult supervision.
a. too much
b. minimal
c. frequent
d. helpful
Q:
A group of people who form an alliance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful of criminal activity is called a
a. gang.
b. chronosystem.
c. peer tutoring program.
d. socioeconomic group.
Q:
Which of the following is not correlated with juvenile gang activity?
a. Living in a poor neighborhood with poor-quality schools
b. Having few opportunities for recreation
c. Living in an area where there is a subculture of adult criminal activity
d. Intense parental supervision
Q:
Bullies tend to be _________, whereas victims tend to be _________.
a. impulsive; passive
b. younger; older
c. empathic; aggressive
d. aggressive; impulsive
Q:
In a study by Adler and Adler (1998), a child was likely to be expelled from the group if he or she
a. kicked, punched, or hit.
b. stood up for his or her rights against the dominant leaders.
c. engaged in criminal activity.
d. wore clothing similar to those in his or her group.
Q:
Oden and Asher (1977) identified four categories of social skills linked to the research on popularity. Which of the following is not one of those skills?
a. Conceit
b. Participation
c. Communication
d. Cooperation
Q:
Children who have difficulty reading other children's social cues are thought to benefit from which of the following?
a. Watching others interact successfully
b. Watching social interactions on videotape
c. Watching puppets work out social situations
d. All of these
Q:
An intervention in which children who have trouble making and keeping friends learn to relate to others is called
a. sociotherapy.
b. sociometry.
c. parallel play.
d. the exclusionary technique.
Q:
Principal A visits one of the fourth-grade classrooms and asks children questions anonymously about each other. Afterward, Principal A tabulates the results. Principal A is performing what kind of rating?
a. Sociometric
b. Kinesthetic
c. Gang-related
d. Positive Peer Culture (PPC)
Q:
Rejection or acceptance in a group is thought to be affected by
a. how one communicates.
b. how one interprets others' emotional states.
c. whether or not one is disruptive.
d. all of these.
Q:
Children who are popular with their peers tend to be
a. intelligent.
b. careful not to use praise and approval.
c. bossy.
d. all of these.
Q:
Some children are able to acknowledge that friendship involves give-and-take. However, these children often still see friendship as mutually serving individual interests rather than mutually cooperating toward a common interest. These traits are characteristic of
a. children in the early childhood years.
b. children in the middle childhood years.
c. adolescents.
d. boys rather than girls.
Q:
A child aged 9 to 15 is likely in which stage of friendship, according to Selman and Selman?
a. One-way assistance
b. Two-way, fair-weather cooperation
c. Intimate, mutually shared relationships
d. Authoritative
Q:
The last of Selman and Selman's stages of friendship is
a. momentary playmateship.
b. one-way assistance.
c. intimate, mutually shared relationships.
d. trust vs. mistrust.
Q:
Charles is unable to consider the viewpoint of another person. When he is with his peers, Charles can only think about what he wants. Which stage of friendship would characterize Charles?
a. Momentary playmateship
b. One-way assistance
c. Intimate, mutually shard relationships
d. Trust vs. mistrust
Q:
Howes (1988) examined relationships among toddlers in a child care center. Howes found that children differentiated between friends and playmates at least by age
a. 1 month.
b. 13"25 months.
c. 25"36 months.
d. 6 years.
Q:
In the model proposed by Sutton-Smith (1971), play becomes more _________ with age.
a. complex
b. interactive
c. complex and interactive
d. none of these
Q:
When a child organizes blocks into buildings, highways, and tea parties, this is an example of _____ play.
a. model-building
b. exploratory
c. testing
d. onlooker
Q:
Play in which children manipulate objectssuch as by emptying, filling, and insertingwith organization is which kind of play?
a. Exploratory
b. Imitative
c. Parallel
d. Model-building
Q:
You observe 3-year-old Karla standing in one corner of your preschool room. She is watching the other children play and occasionally talking to them. We would classify Karla's actions as _________ play.
a. solitary
b. onlooker
c. parallel
d. associative
Q:
An example of a tangible support is
a. sharing toys.
b. giving advice.
c. companionship.
d. empathy.
Q:
The onset of sexual behavior in teens differs according to
a. peer group.
b. church attendance.
c. gender.
d. all of these.
Q:
Observations of elementary school children in the United States demonstrate that boys and girls are _________ aware of the opposite sex.
a. not at all
b. hardly
c. somewhat
d. very
Q:
Peer pressure for appropriate gender-type play has been observed as early as age
a. 1
b. 2
c. 6
d. 12
Q:
Peer groups begin to segregate boys and girls starting in
a. preschool.
b. elementary school.
c. junior high.
d. high school.
Q:
According to your text, morality of constraint is usually fostered by the
a. peer group.
b. family or school.
c. media.
d. imaginary friend.
Q:
Morality of cooperation refers to
a. behavior based on mutual understanding between equals.
b. behavior based on respect for persons in authority.
c. heteronomous morality.
d. none of these.
Q:
Jane belongs to a group in which if one wants to participate in the group, one freely accepts the rules. In Jane's group, rules are imposed on oneself by oneself. Jane's group membership would be characterized as ascribing to which of the following?
a. Morality of cooperation.
b. Morality of constraint.
c. Morality of structure.
d. Authoritarian point of view
Q:
Loosely organized reference groups of cliques are called
a. crowds.
b. apprenticeships.
c. victims.
d. sets.
Q:
The extent to which modeling influences behavior depends on the
a. situation.
b. model.
c. observer.
d. all of these.
Q:
Furman and Masters (1980) found that children's punitive acts, or negative reinforcers,
a. were followed by positive behaviors in peers.
b. resulted in negative peer behavior more often than positive reinforcers resulted in affective behavior.
c. did not affect the behavior of their peers.
d. none of these.
Q:
Socializing mechanisms that peers use to influence behavior include which of the following?
a. Reinforcement
b. Modeling
c. Rejection
d. All of these
Q:
Preadolescent children are beginning to struggle with
a. trust vs. mistrust.
b. autonomy vs. doubt.
c. preoperations.
d. identity vs. identity confusion.
Q:
The imaginary audience is
a. the same as cognitive conceit.
b. the belief that others are as concerned with one's behavior and appearance as one is oneself.
c. a theory about reality assumed to be true without examining or evaluating contradictory data.
d. an autonomous interdependent friendship.
Q:
Children under age 7 are not susceptible to group pressure because they
a. have limited understanding of the relationships between objects, events, and people.
b. are in the stage of concrete operational thought.
c. have little opportunity for social interaction.
d. cannot share.
Q:
According to your text, children are most susceptible to the influence of peers during
a. infancy.
b. early childhood.
c. middle childhood.
d. adolescence.
Q:
Which parenting style is characterized by children who alienate themselves from parental values and are attracted to the peer group to gain understanding and acceptance?
a. Authoritative
b. Authoritarian
c. Permissive
d. Uninvolved
Q:
Adolescents tend to turn to their parents for future-oriented decisions such as those regarding
a. clothing.
b. dating.
c. recreation.
d. scholastic goals.
Q:
Which parenting style has been associated with children's social-behavioral competence and confidence?
a. Authoritative
b. Authoritarian
c. Permissive
d. Indifferent/uninvolved
Q:
The peer group is a
a. microsystem.
b. group of individuals who are of approximately the same gender, age, and social status and who share interests.
c. significant socializing force.
d. all of these.
Q:
The most important influence on students' achievement is the ________________ teacher.
Q:
_________ refers to a biological construct that involves interpretation of stimuli by the brain.
Q:
Standardized tests may not give an accurate assessment of a child's development because
a. each child comes from a unique set of family experiences.
b. maturational differences measured by standardized tests do not exist among children.
c. all children can control a pencil by a certain age.
d. none of these; standardized tests always provide an accurate assessment.
Q:
Tania and Joe would like to help their 4-year-old be ready for kindergarten next year. Which of the following is something they should not do?
a. Discourage writing, as the teacher will want it done a different way.
b. Read books to the child.
c. Encourage the child to ask questions.
d. Give the child approval for trying new things.
Q:
Strategies that teachers should use to involve families in learning include which of the following?
a. Keep the parents informed.
b. Use the parents' ideas when working with the child.
c. Maintain ongoing communication with the parents.
d. All of these are correct.
Q:
After Martha gave her class a test, she compared their scores to a set of existing norms for their age. Martha most likely gave her class a(n) _________ test.
a. hard
b. standardized
c. group
d. authentic
Q:
When Aronson and Patenoe (1996) used the "jigsaw-puzzle" method, the result was
a. an increase in social insults.
b. children who were better able to finish a large puzzle piece by themselves.
c. lower self-esteem among the children.
d. improved attitudes toward school.
Q:
When one student's achievement of a goal is unrelated to other students' achievement of that goal, this is called a(n) _________ goal structure.
a. cooperative
b. competitive
c. individualized
d. team
Q:
The type of learning environment in which each student expects to have an equal chance of winning and to enjoy the activity (win or lose) is called
a. cooperative.
b. individualized.
c. competitive.
d. self-paced.
Q:
Traditional teaching settings are characterized by _________, whereas modern teaching settings are characterized by _________.
a. large class size; small class size
b. individualized with no sharing; cooperative with much sharing
c. older teachers; younger teachers
d. physical traits; psychological traits
Q:
If you believe that learning occurs spontaneously, and that the best learning occurs when children interact with materials and people in their environment, you are looking at learning as
a. a process.
b. a product.
c. preparation for living.
d. preparation for learning.
Q:
Marcus teaches fifth grade. In Marcus's classroom, learning is individualized and students are responsible for their own learning. We would characterize Marcus's classroom as which of the following?
a. Teacher-directed
b. Learned-directed
c. Focused
d. Extrinsic
Q:
Children exposed to domestic violence are likely to
a. be afraid a parent will be seriously injured or killed.
b. be confused about the violence.
c. feel guilty that they may have caused the violence.
d. all of these.
Q:
Regarding victims of domestic violence, __________ likely to be victims.
a. women are more
b. men are more
c. men and women are equally
d. none of these
Q:
The effect of parental alcoholism depends on the child's
a. age.
b. gender.
c. relationship with his or her parents.
d. all of these.
Q:
Teacher B noticed a child in her class who is withdrawn and seems to have few friends. This child also seems to be aggressive, taking his anger out on the other children. Teacher B realizes that reasons for such behavior include which of the following?
a. Alcoholism in the family
b. Violence in the family
c. Both alcoholism and violence in the family
d. None of these
Q:
The perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no effect on outcomes is termed
a. perception.
b. zone of proximal development.
c. learned helplessness.
d. risk.
Q:
Schools using the Comer model are seen as an extension of the
a. family.
b. neighborhood.
c. Title IX Amendment.
d. church.
Q:
Factors that can put a child at risk for later negative outcomes include which of the following?
a. Certain patterns of genetic inheritance
b. A poor prenatal environment
c. An unhealthy perinatal environment
d. All of these
Q:
According to the categories found in the text, an example of an environmental risk is
a. poverty.
b. prenatal exposure to drugs.
c. having a known genetic condition.
d. lack of access to health care.
Q:
Families should be included in planning for children with special needs for which of the following reasons?
a. Parents will likely be implementing some of the training at home.
b. Although parents have no valuable information themselves, it's important for them to hear what the teacher has to say.
c. The teacher already knows exactly what goes on in the home but needs to confirm it with the parents.
d. The teacher will be the only one receiving training in how to best work with the child.
Q:
With which of the following methods are you most likely to compare a child's performance to existing norms?
a. Anecdotal record
b. Rating scale
c. Time sample
d. Goal structure
Q:
Public Law 99-457 authorized early intervention, which was designed to
a. help only those children diagnosed with a specific condition.
b. target all children who are at risk for developmental delay.
c. target children from birth to age 2 who are at risk for developmental delay.
d. decrease funding for at-risk children.
Q:
According to Gardner's model, a person who is "body smart" is exhibiting what type of intelligence?
a. Logical-mathematical
b. Naturalistic
c. Musical
d. Body-kinesthetic
Q:
According to Gardner's model, a person who is "people smart" is exhibiting what type of intelligence?
a. Logical-mathematical
b. Spatial
c. Interpersonal
d. Intrapersonal
Q:
According to Gardner (1999), which would not be considered a type of intelligence?
a. Musical
b. Linguistic
c. Spatial
d. Individualistic
Q:
Children who are socialized to be open, warm, committed to mutual dependence, cooperative, sensitive to the feelings of others, and respectful of adults and social conventions are more likely to be which of the following?
a. Logical in their approach to tasks
b. Field-independent
c. Field-dependent
d. None of these
Q:
Children score higher on cognitive and academic tests when their parents have finished
a. high school only.
b. high school and at least some college.
c. high school and at least a bachelor's degree.
d. none of these; parents' educational level is not related to achievement.
Q:
Davonte believes there has to be a logical reason for doing something, rather than just accepting things because that's how they have always been done before. Davonte's position is one of
a. rationalism.
b. traditionalism.
c. valuation.
d. maturation.
Q:
Which of the following is true?
a. Boys have more interactions with teachers than do girls.
b. Teachers generally respond to girls with instructions.
c. Teachers are more likely to reprimand girls.
d. Teachers give girls attention from a distance.
Q:
Which leadership style results in a discounted, hostile, but productive group in the classroom?
a. Authoritarian
b. Authoritative
c. Uninvolved
d. Laissez-faire