Q&A Hero

Q: The last of Kohlberg's moral stages is termed _________.

Q: The first of Kohlberg's moral stages is termed _________.

Q: Following self-chosen ethical principles is characteristic of the _________ stage of morality.

Q: When a child states that the reasons for doing something are to avoid punishment, the child is likely in the _________ stage of morality.

Q: _________ morality refers to the stage of moral development in which children realize that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them.

Q: The ability to understand rules, distinguish right from wrong, and take another person's perspective is which of the three dimensions of morality? _________

Q: _________ refers to the setting of certain standards and rules by parents, and the insistence on adherence to them when necessary.

Q: When someone receives a reward for an altruistic act, this is considered _________ reinforcement.

Q: _______________________ is the motive for altruism.

Q: _________ refers to a thought process in which one vicariously experiences another's emotions.

Q: Freud's name for the conscience was _________.

Q: Freud labeled the rational part of the personality the _________.

Q: Individual aggressive tendencies are magnified through social __________________.

Q: Children diagnosed with _________________ are more prone to aggressive behavior than are normal children.

Q: Children whose parents mediate TV viewing are _________________ likely to imitate aggression.

Q: The passing on of the survival and adaptive characteristics of the species from one generation to the next is known as _________.

Q: _________ refers to voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards.

Q: Aggression in which the goal is to obtain an object, privilege, or space is considered _________ aggression.

Q: Cooperation is an example of a(n) _________ behavior.

Q: Aggression, violence, and crime are examples of _________ behavior.

Q: According to your text, females exhibit _________ than males. a. greater visual-spatial ability b. greater verbal ability c. more aggression d. all of these

Q: Bem (1981) and others have proposed a framework for how one comes to process information about oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender-linked information. This is known as which of the following? a. Gender schema theory b. Cognitive developmental theory c. Social cognitive theory d. Psychoanalytic theory

Q: Theorists who emphasize how one comes to feel like a male or female are considering gender according to a. psychoanalytic theory. b. social learning theory. c. cognitive developmental theory. d. rewards and punishments.

Q: The classification into gender roles based on biological sex is called a. genetics. b. environment. c. sex typing. d. gender development theory.

Q: The presence of more than one belief system is called a. pluralism. b. commune. c. conventional thought. d. care moral perspective.

Q: Jalonda is a teacher who would like to enhance the moral development of her class. Based on research, which of the following is something Jalonda should try? a. Present moral dilemmas to the class. b. Have group discussions on moral issues. c. Ask student question about moral issues. d. All of these are correct.

Q: Kagan (1984) suggested that the morality of most individuals is directed by a. emotion. b. reason. c. operations. d. postconventions.

Q: Moral development is thought to be affected by a. temperament. b. self-control. c. education. d. all of these.

Q: The justice moral perspective differs from the care moral perspective in that a. justice emphasizes the individual; care emphasizes the group. b. justice emphasizes the group; care emphasizes the individual. c. justice emphasizes learning; care emphasizes doing. d. none of these; justice and care perspectives refer to the same thing.

Q: The first stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a. preoperational. b. preconventional. c. conventional. d. image-making.

Q: "How would I respect myself if. . ." is an example of reasoning at which moral level? a. Preoperational b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Image-making

Q: Mark has egocentric ideas about right and wrong. Mark doesn"t consider the interests of others. Mark sometimes confuses his parents' perspective with that of his own. Which stage of moral development best describes Mark? a. Preoperational b. Preconventional c. Conventional d. Image-making

Q: If you are interested in how an individual's social experiences result in the formation of judgments about social relationships, rules, and laws, you are interested in issues similar to those studied by a. Aries. b. Piaget. c. Freud. d. behaviorists.

Q: Which of the following influences children's sense of right and wrong? a. Developmental age b. Intelligence c. Need for approval d. All of these

Q: Morality includes which of the following aspects? a. Feeling b. Reasoning c. Behaving d. All of these

Q: The Whitings (1973, 1975) found that the cultural variable most closely associated with altruistic behavior was a. distance of a community from a shipping port. b. the extent to which children were engaged in household chores directly linked to the family's socioeconomic security. c. the extent to which children were engaged in schoolwork. d. the number of peers the child saw on a regular basis.

Q: Having the children role play is an example of a. learning by doing. b. learning based on genetics. c. using a tangible reward. d. negative socialization.

Q: Isabel wants the children in her kindergarten to share their toys with each other at greater frequency than they do now, particularly those who are resistant to the idea. What is the best way for Isabel to get this to happen? a. Tell the children to share, but don"t give explanations about why they should do it. b. Take all the toys away. c. Tell the children to be kind. d. Model sharing for the children.

Q: Which of the following best illustrates the principle of modeling? a. Children who observe an adult donating to charity are more likely to donate themselves. b. Children who observe someone keeping money instead of giving it to charity will still donate their own money. c. Children who are taught to act helpfully in one situation are not likely to act helpfully in other situations. d. Children do not imitate the behavior of peers.

Q: Based on research, which would be most likely to foster the development of altruism over the long term? a. Rewarding altruistic acts with bubble gum b. Rewarding altruistic acts with praise c. Rewarding altruistic acts with marbles d. None of these

Q: Renee observes someone else engaging in an altruistic act and getting rewarded for it. Renee is experiencing what? a. Vicarious reinforcement b. Direct reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement d. Shaping

Q: Research on the brain indicates which of the following? a. There are no places in the brain that can be linked to emotion. b. The cerebral cortex alone processes information regarding the suffering of other people. c. Adults whose ventromedial areas are damaged show no difference in empathy as compared to other adults. d. All answers are correct.

Q: If you believed that altruistic behavior is an indicator of the ability to regulate biological drives, your thinking would be similar to that of a. Piaget. b. Freud. c. Erikson. d. learning theorists.

Q: Preschoolers are more likely to help persons who a. are familiar to them. b. have previously helped them. c. are friends. d. all of these.

Q: Researchers who study altruism suggest "I"ll help him because he can"t do it himself" is characteristic of which age? a. Infants, age 6"8 months b. Toddlers c. Preschoolers, age 3"6 years d. School-agers, 6"12 years

Q: Preschool teachers can help minimize aggression by a. giving children alternate ways of solving problems. b. stopping aggression immediately after it happens. c. setting standards and sticking to them. d. all of these.

Q: According to your text, it is not low socioeconomic status or poverty per se that influences aggressive behavior, but rather the _________ that often accompany such stress. a. dollar amounts b. socialization mediators c. lack of welfare payments specifically d. none of these

Q: Which of the following is not thought to prevent antisocial behavior? a. Identifying young children who are antisocial b. Giving antisocial children training in social skills c. Working with antisocial children only, not their parents d. Providing academic remediation to antisocial children

Q: The "Culture of Honor" refers to the idea that a. males should marry young. b. aggression is an acceptable reaction to personal affront (attacks). c. mesosystems are the most important of the types of systems. d. cultural values are genetically inherited.

Q: Examples of "restraining socialization forces" include a. punishment. b. guilt. c. opinions of others. d. all of these.

Q: Which of the following is an example of a behavioral tendency thought to be linked to aggressiveness? a. Impulse control b. Frustration tolerance c. Activity level d. All of these

Q: Which of the following is a biological influence linked to antisocial behavior? a. Evolution b. Peers c. Parenting style d. Socioeconomic status

Q: Joanne gives her last 10 dollars to her elderly neighbor to buy groceries at the grocery store. Joanne's actions would be considered a. amoral. b. altruistic. c. aggressive. d. egocentric.

Q: Which of the following refers to the type of aggression in which the goal is to harm another person? a. Instrumental b. Egotistical c. Hostile d. Altruistic

Q: Self-regulation, or self-control, can be observed in children beginning at about age a. 1 month. b. 6 months. c. 2 years. d. 7 years.

Q: Self-regulatory difficulties can be symptomatic of a. conduct disorders. b. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. c. depression. d. all of these.

Q: Self-regulation is related to a. the inhibition of antisocial behavior. b. the inhibition of aggressive behavior. c. showing prosocial behavior. d. all of these.

Q: Choose one of the following: schools, mass media, or peers. Based on your readings, write a persuasive argument detailing why the socializing agent you chose has the most significant impact on self-esteem.

Q: Describe parenting practices that are linked to the development of high self-esteem in children.

Q: Imagine you are talking to a group of future teachers. Your topic is learned helplessness. Describe for them the development of learned helplessness, including research studies referenced in your text.

Q: Describe the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic achievement motivation.

Q: Examine the differences between children with high and children with low expectations.

Q: Compare and contrast the effects of the media on the development of children's attitudes.

Q: Discuss the steps involved in developing prejudice.

Q: Describe the different phases involved in the development of cultural attitudes.

Q: Compare and contrast the ways in which the formation of values and attitudes is influenced similarly or differently by peers versus schools.

Q: Describe the difference between a value and an attitude, and give examples of each.

Q: A tall, lean body build is characterized as _________.

Q: A short heavy body build is characterized as _________.

Q: Parents who are warm, strict yet noncoercive, and democratic are likely to develop children with _________ self-esteem.

Q: ______________________ approval is particularly critical in determining the self-esteem of children.

Q: Significance, power, competence, and virtue are all attributes of _________.

Q: The realization that one's actions cause outcomes is called _________.

Q: In which socioeconomic class would we expect not to find an internal locus of control?

Q: One's attribution of performance, or perception of responsibility for success or failure, is called _________.

Q: An example of _________ achievement motivation is when one does an activity to attain some separable outcome, such as to get a reward or avoid a punishment.

Q: An example of _____ achievement motivation is engaging in a task simply for the joy of doing it.

Q: An explanation for one's performance is termed a(n) _________.

Q: A need or emotion that causes a person to act is called a(n) _________.

Q: A main purpose of the _________ was to include children with disabilities in public school settings.