Q&A Hero

Q: When reporting percent on the ordinate scale:a. the scale always goes from 0 to 100%b. the scale ranges from 0 to the highest percent obtainedc. there is no scale ruled. it's better to convert the ordinate to number

Q: ___________ is a form of time out in which the student is moved to the edge of the activity so that he/she can still observe other students engage in appropriate behavior and receive reinforcement.a. time-out ribbonb. contingent observationc. nonexclusion time-outd. all of the above

Q: Mrs. Jakes wanted to address Murray's reading comprehension using a new instructional program. For baseline, she measured: a. Murray's ability to read and understand new passages b. Murray's current reading comprehension level using the instructional program already in place c. Murray's ability to understand material that is read to him d. Murray's reading comprehension using the new instructional program.

Q: A punisher is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. decrease in the future rate or probability of occurrence of the behavior b. administered contingently on the production of the inappropriate behavior c. administered immediately following the inappropriate behavior d. administered immediately following the appropriate behavior

Q: Miss Curry decides to decrease Rico's use of inappropriate language by requiring him to lose a behavior point for every inappropriate word he uses each day. Once implemented, she again gathers data on the number of times he uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as: a. Intervention b. Baseline c. Event recording d. Performance

Q: Mr. Henderson wanted to stop Elijah's hand flapping. He consulted with the IEP committee and they decided to use hand weight to make the hand flapping more difficult in order to reduce the behavior. The behavioral procedure employed is _______. a. DRI b. sensory extinction c. positive reinforcement d. none of the above

Q: Miss Curry records some initial data (without interceding) on the number of times Rico uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as: a. Performance b. Baseline c. Interval d. Intervention

Q: Which of the following provides reinforcement of an alternative behavior? a. DRO b. DRL c. DRI d. none of the above

Q: _______________ are phases of an intervention during which different approaches or techniques are used. a. Conditions b. Intervals c. Sessions d. Time Samples

Q: All of the following are procedures designed to reduce inappropriate behaviors EXCEPT: a. noncontingent reinforcement b. DRO c. negative reinforcement d. none of the above

Q: The following data can be reported on a graph as the number or percent of total behavioral occurrence a. Interval and time sampling b. Event c. Permanent product d. All of the above

Q: Functional communication training (FCT) is the teaching of an appropriate communication form to reduce an inappropriate behavior which serves a communicative intent. This is an example of which behavior reduction procedure?a. DRAb. DROc. DRLd. DRI

Q: Conversion to rate data is required when the teacher is concerned with a. topography b. averaging performance scores c. both accuracy and speed d. percent of intervals

Q: During a ______ schedule, if inappropriate behavior is attempted the performance of the inappropriate behavior is ignored and an alternative behavior reinforced or performance of an inappropriate behavior is interrupted and redirected toward the appropriate behavior.a. DRLb. DRIc. DROd. DRA

Q: ____________ data are reported as a number of items or a percent of items resulting from behavior. a. Rate b. Duration c. Latency d. Permanent product

Q: Which of the following statements is true of DRO schedules? a. requires students receive reinforcement if he/she does not perform the target behavior b. reinforces absence of the behavior c. effectiveness depends on the reinforcer selected d. all of the above

Q: When drawing a graph, the axes is drawn in a ratio of: a. 1:3 b. 1:1 c. 2:4 d. 2:3

Q: Mrs. Jones has repeatedly attempted to reduce Jonathon's behavior of rushing through his daily worksheets. His behavior results in increased errors as well as illegible handwriting on his worksheets. Mrs. Jones decided to reinforce Jonathon every time he turns in a neatly printed worksheet. Which of the following procedures has Mrs. Jones employed? a. DRO b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. DRL

Q: The "y" axis is indicated by what letter? a. C b. E c. A d. F

Q: The "x" axis is indicated by what letter? a. B b. C c. F d. A

Q: When selecting an incompatible or alternative behavior to use in a differential reinforcement procedure:a. it is better if the behavior is already in the student's repertoireb. the functional intent of the behavior should be analyzedc. the alternative behavior should be one that can be reinforced frequentlyd. all of the above

Q: The letter "D" indicates a. a continuous data path b. a continuity break c. the abscissa d. the beginning point of the ordinate scale

Q: Successful approaches to controlling reinforcing consequences delivered by peers include: a. reinforcing peers for withholding attention b. training high status peers in reinforcing appropriate behaviors c. attending to peer being aggressed while ignoring aggressor d. all of the above

Q: The ordinate is indicated by what letter? a. A b. C c. E d. D

Q: Spontaneous recovery refers to: a. the possible reappearance of an extinguished behavior b. a student's return to the classroom after time out c. getting well after a serious illness d. none of the above

Q: Duration data may be reported as number of occurrences, number correct, or percentage. 16 . The abscissa is indicated by what letter? a. E b. C c. D d. A

Q: When using a planned ignoring procedure, the teacher should: a. reinforce other students' appropriate behaviors b. comment on the inappropriate behavior c. place a dunce cap on the student's head d. none of the above

Q: Interval and time sampling data are reported as number or percent of total intervals during which a behavior occurs.

Q: The characteristic by which behavior continues for an indeterminate amount of time once reinforcement is withheld is known as:a. resistance to extinctionb. ornerinessc. behavioral continuityd. all of the above

Q: Line graphs are also known as histograms.

Q: Use of an extinction procedure may result in: a. induced aggression b. initial increase in behavior c. spontaneous recovery d. all of the above

Q: Cumulative graphs always demonstrate an upward curve if any behavior at all is being recorded.

Q: A procedure which uses a reinforcement strategy to reduce a behavior is: a. overcorrection b. response cost c. time out d. DRA

Q: On a cumulative graph, data points are plotted at the appropriate intersections without regard to performance during the previous session.

Q: When a student has been placed in time out:a. he should remain there as long as it takes for him to quiet downb. she should remain for a period of time equal to the amount of time she was disrupting the classc. one to five minutes is generally sufficient, but no longer than 15 minutes.d. any of the above criteria is appropriate.

Q: On a graph, data points are not connected across conditions.

Q: A class of stimuli which result in physical pain or discomfort to the student is termed: a. unconditioned aversive stimuli b. conditioned aversive stimuli c. controlled aversive stimuli d. correctional aversive stimuli

Q: A continuity break in a data path is used when there is a break in the expected sequence of intervention.

Q: At the initiation of an extinction procedure one should expect the behavior will: a. decrease b. increase c. remain stable d. disappear

Q: No more than five different data paths should be plotted on a single graph.

Q: Ignoring disruptive behavior is a procedure known as: a. overcorrection b. response cost c. time out d. extinction

Q: The beginning point of the ordinate scale may be drawn directly on the x-axis.

Q: Kathy's mom slaps her hand when she reaches for the knobs on the stove. This is considered to be a conditioned aversive stimulus.

Q: The ordinate scale always begins at "0".

Q: As long as teachers gain administrative approval, exclusionary time-out would be considered appropriate to use with a student who is engaged in inappropriate behaviors.

Q: The labels "days," "dates," or "sessions" would be found on the abscissa.

Q: A student is told that she has to sit and watch for 5-minutes due to acting inappropriately. This is an example of nonexclusionary time-out.

Q: The label "percent of intervals of on-task behaviors" would be found on the abscissa.

Q: A chocolate candy bar and being assigned additional homework may both serve as punishers to a particular behavior for a student if it decreases a behavior.

Q: The ordinate scale shows how frequently data were collected during the period represented on the graph.

Q: A punisher can be identified ONLY by its effect of behavior.

Q: The ordinate is also considered the x axis.

Q: When extinction is used, its effects will frequently generalize to settings in which procedures are not in effect.

Q: The time dimension is indicated along the abscissa of a graph.

Q: Teachers are most effective when they follow a controlled, consistent, and standardized format for promoting generalization.

Q: Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) requires that reinforcement be delivered if the student does not perform the target behavior, no matter what else he does.

Q: A kindergarten teacher wants to collect data on a new behavior modification program to reduce out-of-seat behavior throughout the school day for three students in her class. Which data collection system would you recommend she use and why? Contrast the benefits of the system you recommended against two other systems of data collection.

Q: An effective approach to using sufficient exemplars is to train the target behavior in several settings or with several different trainers.

Q: Extinction is the elimination of a behavior resulting from the application of aversive procedures.

Q: Interobserver agreement provides a measurement of reliability in the recording of data being collected. Discuss the biases that can affect interobserver agreement.

Q: General case programming promotes generalization by programming common stimuli.

Q: Punishment may be defined as applying an aversive stimulus following an inappropriate behavior that results in a decrease in behavior.

Q: You are a lead teacher and several of the teachers you supervise have concerns about the frequency with which they should collect student data. Discuss how often data should be collected and what patterns, if any, the teachers should look for in the data?

Q: "Training sufficient exemplars" is another way of saying that a teacher uses many examples when teaching a student to perform a particular skill.

Q: The overcorrection procedure which requires that the student restore or correct an environment which he has disturbed to a condition greatly improved beyond its original condition is restitutional overcorrection.

Q: Compare and contrast duration and latency data collection methods. Provide an example using both systems of data collection include an example of a data sheet with key components.

Q: Behaviors that result in increased peer reinforcement are less likely to be maintained in the natural environment.

Q: An example of a punishment procedure which removes desirable stimuli is response cost.

Q: You are the supervisor to the special education teachers in your school district. Most of your teachers either do not collect data or do so inaccurately. Describe how you would prepare your teachers to regularly collect accurate data on the students they serve. Discuss the rationale you would provide to teachers.

Q: Unplanned generalization can never occur.

Q: The procedure by which a "fine" is exacted for inappropriate behavior is known as real world consequences.

Q: Discuss why a teacher might use anecdotal reporting.

Q: Response generalization refers to unprogrammed changes in similar behaviors when a target behavior is modified.

Q: The factor that differentiates between exclusionary and nonexclusionary time out procedures is removal from the instructional setting to a separate room.

Q: Select three behaviors and describe the topography of each.

Q: The most effective method to teach a child to respond appropriately is to focus on a single salient feature of a stimulus.

Q: DRI reinforces a behavior that is inconsequential to the target behavior.

Q: Ms. Risley believes that her reading group as a whole demonstrates inappropriate talking during the reading lesson. What type of data would Ms. Risley collect? Construct an appropriate data sheet she may use that will present the behavior of the reading group as a whole.

Q: Which is considered the least intrusive strategy for reducing behavior?a. Sam is sent to the corner to "think about his inappropriate behavior" for 5 minutes.b. Jerry is taught to point to a picture to tell his teacher he is hungry instead of pushing materials off of his desk.c. Sherri loses her free time for not turning in her homeworkd. Melissa is required to clean all of the desks in the classroom after writing on her own desk.

Q: DRO reinforces the opposite of the target behavior.