Q&A Hero

Q: Graduated guidance is a form of least-to-most prompts.

Q: Use of a reversal design is appropriate for monitoring intervention effects on fighting behavior.

Q: A genuine scientific explanation must: a. be inclusive of all behaviors b. predict one behavior to the exclusion of all other behaviors c. a and b d. none of the above

Q: Using alterations of SΔ's and SD's enable students to make discriminations more easily.

Q: The existence of a functional relation can be determined through use of a reversal design.

Q: Information concerning a child's brain damage:a. can be useful in the teacher's selection of behavior management techniquesb. helps teachers determine who should be in school and who should notc. can cause teachers to have low expectations of students and give them excuses not to teachd. none of the above

Q: A prompted response is NOT under stimulus control.

Q: The existence of a functional relation can be determined through use of a multiple baseline design. False

Q: In explaining behavior, a useful theory must be: a. inclusive and justifiable b. inclusive, verifiable, and justifiable c. verifiable, exclusive, and predictable d. inclusive, verifiable, have predictive utility, and be parsimonious

Q: Prompts are offered before an SD is presented and failed to occasion a response.

Q: One way of using visual inspection for evaluating single subject designs is by looking at the means of the data phases.

Q: Applied behavior analysis may be defined as the process of applying behavioral principles to improve behaviors while simultaneously evaluating whether noted changes may be attributed to the application of those principles.

Q: A response that occurs in the presence of an SD is said to be under stimulus control.

Q: A multiple baseline design has two phases.

Q: Behaviors that are voluntary in nature rather than reflexive are usually associated with operant conditioning.

Q: Discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between environmental events or stimuli.

Q: A single subject design will provide information concerning which reading series to use in the second grade.

Q: Reflexive behaviors that are not under voluntary control are associated with operant conditioning.

Q: Stimulus control is the term used by applied behavior analysts to describe bringing behavior under control of time, place, and circumstances.

Q: A trend in data is defined as five data points in an obvious direction.

Q: Gestalt psychology emphasizes that learning is a process of imposing structure on perceived information.

Q: Shaping is used to teach behaviors not currently in students' repertoires.

Q: Three data points at zero level of performance is sufficient for a baseline.

Q: Developmental theories are difficult to verify and prove that the causes of behavior may be attributed to passage through a certain developmental stage.

Q: Your colleague has a student who exhibits aberrant behaviors. The teacher believes the only way to reduce the behaviors are through the use of aversives. Discuss three procedures that can be used to reduce aberrant behaviors in place of aversive stimuli

Q: The treatment or intervention procedure that will be used to change a behavior is the dependent variable.

Q: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory provides a strong cognitive explanation of behavior.

Q: Differentiate between nonexlusionary and exclusionary time-out. Provide examples of each form of time-out.

Q: The behavior to be changed is the dependent variable.

Q: Biophysical explanations of behavior include theories based on genetic or hereditary factors.

Q: Discuss some of the guidelines for using aversive stimuli. What ethical considerations must be made before aversives should be used?

Q: Create two scenarios, one for which you want to increase a behavior and one for which you want to decrease a behavior. Define the behavior and describe which data collection system you would use to measure change in behavior. Create a data collection sheet that supports the data collection system you selected and put in sample data. Graph the data from the data collection sheet you created. Be sure to include all components of a basic line graph.

Q: The Gestalt psychology cognitive explanation for behavior meets the criterion of inclusiveness, predictive utility, and parsimony for explaining behavior.

Q: Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Q: Discuss the benefits of graphing data when communicating with other teachers, parents and students.

Q: A parsimonious explanation of behavior includes explanations distant from observed behavior and its relationship to the environment.

Q: Define and discuss response-cost procedures. What are the problems associated with this procedure?

Q: Discuss the benefits to using a bar graph and a cumulative graph.

Q: John Watson first distinguished operant from respondent conditioning.

Q: Define noncontingent reinforcement and list the disadvantages of this behavior reduction strategy.

Q: Describe the three purposes for graphs.

Q: Gestalt psychology's emphasizes humans imposing structure on their environment and seeing relationships rather than individual objects or events as separate entities.

Q: List and explain four of the problems associated with extinction.

Q: Construct a basic graph labeling each of the following: axes, abscissa and ordinate labels, data points, and data path.

Q: According to the psychoanalytic theory, most people fixate at a certain stage thus becoming overeaters, smokers, verbally abusive and/or anal-retentive.

Q: Define restitutional overcorrection and give an example.

Q: List the three ways in which event recording can be converted for reporting and graphing and explain how each conversion is used.

Q: Certain genetic characteristics may increase the probability of certain behavioral characteristics.

Q: Define positive practice overcorrection and give an example.

Q: Carol is having difficulty with subtraction problems. Over a five day period, out of 20 problems, she has gotten the following number of examples correct: M - 9; T - 11; W - 6; Th - 9; F - 8. Draw a line graph that accurately presents the preceding data.

Q: Developmental theories verify and prove that inappropriate and maladaptive behavior can be explained by a failure to reach or pass a particular stage.

Q: During basketball practice, Coach Reeves' team continually forgot his directive to pass the ball at center court. For 15-minutes, the coach had is players practice passing the ball at center court. The educational procedure Coach Reeves used is called: a. Negative practice overcorrection b. A conditioned aversive stimulus c. Restitutional overcorrection d. Positive-practice overcorrection

Q: Which of the following is missing from the following graph? Justin a. student identification b. ordinate label c. data paths d. abscissa

Q: Mr. Hughes was stopped by the police for emptying his ashtray on roadway as he was driving at 35 m.p.h. The judge sentenced Mr. Hughes to an entire weekend of picking up trash on the side of the road. This is an example of: a. A conditioned aversive stimulus b. Positive-practice overcorrection c. Restitutional overcorrection d. Response-cost

Q: Based on the graph, what type of data collection system was employed? a. event recording b. interval recording c. time sampling d. duration

Q: The time-out procedure in which the student is not removed from the instructional setting and instead, the teacher temporarily manipulates the environment to deny a student access to reinforcers is known as: a. Exclusionary time-out b. Seclusionary time-out c. Nonseclusionary time-out d. Nonexclusionary time-out

Q: John has been learning to write his name. During each presentation the teacher has him write each letter in his name once. Which of the following would his teacher use to report his data? a. number of items b. percentage of items c. rate of items d. none of the above

Q: What is most often used in the classroom to decrease behaviors that are being maintained by teacher attention?a. Positive reinforcementb. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviorsc. Noncontingent reinforcementd. Extinction

Q: Event recording can be reported as all of the following except: a. percentage b. rate c. percent of intervals d. number

Q: What schedule of reinforcement should be used when initially using DRA with a new behavior?a. Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)b. Fixed interval: 2 (FI: 2)c. Variable ratio: 1 (VR: 1)d. Fixed ratio: 2 (FR: 2)

Q: A continuity break could be present on a graph for any of the following except: a. student was sick b. winter break c. student was not responding well during the instructional session d. teacher had a meeting

Q: Reinforcing on-task behavior to decrease off-task behavior is an example of: a. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior b. Noncontingent Reinforcement c. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors d. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors

Q: Which of the following components would be represented on the abscissa? a. number of sessions b. number of inappropriate behaviors c. percentage of call outs d. none of the above

Q: On average, students in science Group A ask for assistance 8"12 times per 20-minute period. The teacher wants to decrease this behavior. She tells the group that if they are able to complete their 20-minute lab assignment with no more than three requests for assistance, they will receive 5 bonus points for their work. This is an example of: a. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior b. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors c. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors d. Noncontingent reinforcement

Q: Which of the following provides an illustration of a rapid rate of responding using a cumulative graph? (A) (B) (C)a. A onlyb. B onlyc. C onlyd. A and C

Q: John is sent to time-out for refusing to sit quietly during circle time. Here, the teacher is using what level option for reducing inappropriate behaviors? a. Level I b. Level II c. Level III d. Level IV

Q: A vertical dashed line is used to: a. connect data points b. separate conditions c. draw the axes d. all of the above

Q: The Principle of the Least Intrusive Alternative suggests a. that positive interventions are always more effective than aversive b. when determining which intervention to choose, an important consideration is the intervention's level of intrusiveness. c. that when selecting a procedure, a teacher should begin at Level IV and move up the hierarchy toward less intrusive procedures d. that the least intrusive procedure, regardless of effectiveness, should be selected.

Q: Interval and time sampling data may be reported as: a. number and rate b. percent and number c. only rate d. only percent

Q: Which of the following is considered a form of an aversive stimulus? a. overcorrection b. time-out ribbon c. response cost d. noncontingent reinforcement

Q: A scale break indicates: a. that 50% of the data points are above a certain number. b. that data points fall at zero. c. that the ordinate scale is not continuous. d. that the ordinate scale is continuous.

Q: All of the following reduce behavior by removing a desired stimulus EXCEPT: a. time out b. response cost c. contingent observation d. noncontingent reinforcement

Q: Which of the following would be found on the ordinate? a. number of behaviors b. rate of behaviors c. percentage of behaviors d. all of the above

Q: Julie's teacher was concerned with her repeated attempts to dominant class discussion periods.Which of the following would be appropriate for reducing this behavior?a. negative reinforcementb. DROc. DRId. DRL

Q: When data are converted to the seconds/minutes/hours for which a behavior occurred, the type of recording used to collect the data was: a. latency recording b. time sampling c. interval recording d. duration recording

Q: After finishing lunch Jose left his trash on the table, his teacher responded by having him pick up the trash left behind at each table. This procedure is known as __________. a. restitutional overcorrection b. positive practice c. negative practice d. response cost

Q: When you graph the number of occurrences of a behavior in a given session after adding it to the number of occurrences of a prior session you are employing a: a. cumulative graph b. bar graph c. line graph d. histogram

Q: Justin often attempts to jump off classroom chairs. His teacher decided to reduce the behavior by having him repeatedly jump off the classroom chair, while under close supervision. This is an example of ___________. a. restitutional overcorrection b. positive-practice overcorrection c. negative practice d. response cost

Q: When constructing a graph, behavior is plotted along the: a. x axis b. horizontal axis c. vertical axis d. abscissa

Q: Physical restraint is considered a(n) ___________. a. conditioned aversive stimulus b. unconditioned aversive stimulus c. overcorrection d. exclusion timeout