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Q:
Replication effect can be seen in a reversal design in the:
a. first and second phases
b. third and fourth phases
c. first and third phases
d. second and fourth phases
Q:
Circumstances which temporarily alter the power of a reinforcer are known as _________.
a. models
b. negative reinforcers
c. setting events
d. positive reinforcers
Q:
____________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a specific target behavior.a. Shapingb. Modelingc. Behavioral chainingd. SD
Q:
An interim criterion used in a changing criterion design is determined by:
a. the highest performance level of baseline
b. the lowest performance level of baseline
c. the mean level of performance of baseline
d. any of the above
Q:
Operant behaviors are ______ voluntarily, whereas respondent behaviors are ________ by stimuli.
a. elicited, occasioned
b. emitted, elicited
c. occasioned, emitted
d. none of the above
Q:
When a teacher requires a student to perform all the steps in sequence until the entire task is mastered, she is using what instructional technique?a. Backward chainingb. Forward chainingc. Total task presentationd. Behavioral chaining
Q:
One disadvantage of an AB design is:
a. it cannot evaluate performance over time
b. it does not require a baseline
c. it has only a nondescriptive function
d. it does not allow for determining a functional relation
Q:
Ms. Sims was having difficulty getting Tia to sit during morning circle. She decided that she would reinforce Tia's attempts to sit during circle time. She began by reinforcing Tia when she was standing next to her chair, then when she had one knee on her chair. She continued this process until Tia remained seated during morning circle time. Ms. Sims employed which the following behavioral techniques?
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
Q:
Components of a chain are acquired in sequential order. This is known as:
a. Backward chaining
b. Forward chaining
c. Total task presentation
d. Behavioral chaining
Q:
A traditional reversal design has:
a. two phases
b. three phases
c. four phases
d. five phases
Q:
Which of the following is attributed with the Stage Theory of Development?
a. Jean Piaget
b. Sigman Freud
c. Ivan Pavlov
d. B. F. Skinner
Q:
A task analysis should be used when
a. The needs exists to systematically introduce various prompts
b. A teacher wants to decrease a student's inappropriate behaviors
c. A teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain
d. All of the above
Q:
Fractionation is used to evaluate performance change when using:
a. a reversal design
b. a multiple baseline design
c. a changing conditions design
d. an alternating treatments design
Q:
John was scheduled to take a spelling test each Friday. His mother told him if he received 90% correct or better for three out of four spelling test he would get to buy a new video game. His mother was employing which of the following behavioral techniques?
a. punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. shaping
d. positive reinforcement
Q:
A form of decreasing assistance called errorless learning is also known as:
a. Time Delay
b. Graduated Guidance
c. Backward Chaining
d. Stimulus shaping
Q:
Mr. Williams wants to know if using a number line or counting chips would be more effective when teaching addition to James. The most appropriate design to use is:
a. alternating treatments design
b. multiple baseline design
c. changing criterion design
d. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following influenced the behaviorist movement?
a. cognitivism
b. functionalism
c. constructivism
d. none of the above
Q:
Systematically fading a combination of prompts is an example of:
a. Increasing assistance
b. Time delay
c. Decreasing assistance
d. Graduated guidance
Q:
The single subject design which allows comparison of more than one treatment or intervention is the:
a. multiple baseline design
b. reversal design
c. alternating treatments design
d. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria set forth by Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968) as the qualifications for research to be considered applied behavior analysis:
a. the behavior must be socially important
b. the behavior must be objectively defined
c. a functional relation must be demonstrated
d. must be an aberrant behavior
Q:
When using ___________ for fading prompts, the teacher begins with a level of prompting that virtually assures that the student will produce the appropriate response.
a. Increasing assistance
b. Graduated guidance
c. Time delay
d. Decreasing assistance
Q:
Michael counts on his fingers in order to answer arithmetic computation problems. The teacher wants to wean him off this crutch. She gives him, consecutively, various assistance strategies of lessening the concrete nature of his prompt. The most appropriate design for this example is:
a. changing criterion design
b. AB design
c. reversal design
d. changing conditions design
Q:
What is the major purpose of applied behavior analysis?
a. to provide a process of systematically applying specific principles to facilitate behavior change
b. to provide a systematic means of determining whether changes in behavior may be attributed to the application of behavioral principles.
c. none of the above
d. both a and b
Q:
Gradual removing of prompts is known as __________.
a. Fading
b. Backward chaining
c. Shaping
d. All of the above
Q:
It takes Karen 30 minutes to complete 20 multiplication examples. Her teacher wants this reduced to 15 minutes. The most appropriate design for this example is:
a. reversal design
b. multiple baseline design
c. changing criterion design
d. AB design
Q:
Who is associated or responsible for the use of the term "behaviorism?"a. Skinnerb. Watsonc. Darwind. Pavlov
Q:
What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Miss Elkhart physically demonstrates for Brandon how to open the microwave oven.a. Visual Promptb. Modelingc. Verbal Promptd. Physical Guidance
Q:
The experimental design that would be most appropriate for systematically increasing the number of workbook pages completed by a student is:
a. alternating treatments design
b. changing criterion design
c. AB design
d. changing conditions design
Q:
For an explanation of behavior to be parsimonious, it must
a. account for a substantial quantity of behavior
b. be testable
c. provide the simplest explanation
d. provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances
Q:
Which symbol is associated with a lack of reinforcement?
a. SΔ
b. SD
c. SR+
d. SR-
Q:
Ms. Markham is concerned about Peter's arithmetic computation and work completion behaviors. The appropriate design for use in this instance is:
a. changing criterion design
b. changing conditions design
c. reversal design
d. multiple baseline design
Q:
The Law of Effect is associated with what behavioral principle?
a. Reinforcement
b. Extinction
c. Punishment
d. Antecedent prompting
Q:
Shaping should be used when:
a. combinations of reinforcement, prompting, or chaining have failed
b. students are highly resistant to behavioral change
c. the terminal behavior is not in the student's repertoire
d. a shaping procedure is always the first choice
Q:
A teacher measured Jane's out of seat behavior during reading, music, and math periods. The appropriate design for use in this instance was:
a. multiple baseline design
b. alternating treatments design
c. reversal design
d. changing criterion design
Q:
For an explanation of behavior to have predictive utility it must
a. account for a substantial quantity of behavior
b. be testable
c. provide the simplest explanation
d. provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances
Q:
A procedure described as the use of differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior is called:
a. modeling
b. fading
c. chaining
d. shaping
Q:
The measurement of a behavior before intervention begins is called:
a. preliminary data
b. variable data
c. baseline data
d. confounding data
Q:
The behavior principle that describes a relationship between behavior and an antecedent stimulus rather than behavior and its consequences are known as:a. Stimulus controlb. Respondent conditioningc. The Law of Effectd. Principle of Parsimony
Q:
A backwards chaining procedure is used to teach a student to remove her coat. Instruction has involved:
a. presenting the whole task on each occasion
b. beginning with the last step first for instruction
c. beginning with the first step only for instruction
d. using a combination of the above three methods
Q:
An example of an independent variable is:
a. numbers of minutes it takes to complete 20 math problems
b. use of a number line for addition problems
c. how long it takes a student to return from the bathroom
d. how often a student asks for teacher assistance.
Q:
What is known as a "demonstration of behavior"?
a. Modeling
b. Shaping
c. Positive Reinforcement
d. Operant Conditioning
Q:
A student acquires a sequence of behaviors, all of which must be done in order to gain a reinforcer. He has learned:a. a fading procedureb. a backward chainc. a behavioral chaind. a forward chain
Q:
A multiple baseline design is appropriate to use when the target behavior calls for immediate action.
Q:
An event is described as ________ if the rate of occurrence of a preceding behavior decreases.
a. Negative Reinforcement
b. Positive Reinforcement
c. Shaping
d. Punishment
Q:
By making prompts used as "weak" as possible, the teacher has:
a. increased the power of S deltas present
b. increased the amount of time a prompt will be needed
c. guarded against delay of development of stimulus control
d. done nothing to affect the instructional program
Q:
With the changing criterion design, a functional relation is demonstrated if the individual's performance level occasionally matches the continually changing criterion for performance.
Q:
When a student is given a pleasant consequence to a behavior and it results in an increase in the behavior's rate of occurrence, what behavioral principle is being used?
a. Negative Reinforcement
b. Positive Reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Stimulus control
Q:
Graduated guidance is a fading procedure that:
a. begins with whatever prompt level is necessary for performance of behavior
b. is used to fade physical prompts
c. is concerned with the time the prompt is given
d. increases the amount of assistance within a trial
Q:
Miss Hoffman wants to gradually decrease her caffeine intake from an average of 8 cups of coffee or soda per day to no more than one serving per day. An appropriate research design for Miss Hoffman to use would be the changing criterion design.
Q:
When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and its rate of
occurrence decreases, what behavioral principle is being used?
a. Punishment
b. Positive Reinforcement
c. Positive Punishment
d. Extinction
Q:
A model's effectiveness may be positively influenced by:
a. high status
b. differences between model and students
c. behavior modeled without reinforcement
d. none of the above
Q:
Using an AB design, a teacher can make a confident assumption of the existence of a functional relation.
Q:
Operant conditioning deals with __________ behaviors.
a. emotional
b. trained
c. reflexive
d. voluntary
Q:
When prompting is used by the teacher:
a. reinforcers are not to be used
b. the "heaviest" prompt is always used
c. reinforcement occurs as if prompts had not been used
d. the prompt is delivered following a ten second interval
Q:
The basic AB design does not provide for the replication within an experiment that establishes a functional relation between the independent and dependent variables.
Q:
For an explanation of behavior to be "verifiable" it must
a. account for a substantial quantity of behavior
b. provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances
c. provide the simplest explanation
d. be testable
Q:
When a discriminative stimulus has been presented and a response has failed to occur, a teacher may use:a. a promptb. an instructionc. modelingd. all of the above
Q:
The amount of time Terrell remains on task has consistently decreased over the last three days. At this point, it would be appropriate for his teacher to initiate and intervention to increase his time on task.
Q:
Behaviorists are LEAST concerned with the following:
a. functional relation
b. observable behaviors
c. present events
d. past events
Q:
A stimulus, or group of stimuli, that may reliably set the occasion for a response is:
a. positive reinforcement
b. discriminative stimuli
c. an S delta
d. respondent conditioning
Q:
It is appropriate to end the baseline phase if two stable data points are collected and plotted.
Q:
To qualify as a behavior, something must be:
a. observable
b. quantifiable
c. a and b
d. none of the above
Q:
The backward chaining procedure requires a student to demonstrate all the steps of a behavioral chain until it is completely mastered.
Q:
A drug company wants to test the effectiveness of a new flue prevention drug on 500"1000 people. For this study, a single-subject experimental design would be used.
Q:
An antecedent stimulus is:
a. an event occurring before the behavior is performed
b. an event occurring after the behavior is performed
c. a and b
d. none of the above
Q:
A complex behavior may be learned by reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence. This instructional procedure is called antecedent prompting.
Q:
Winning the jackpot at the slot machine is an example of a dependent variable.
Q:
"Jack can"t learn because he has Down syndrome" is an example of what explanation of behavior?
a. biophysical explanation
b. developmental explanation
c. cognitive explanation
d. behavioral explanation
Q:
When using backward chaining, the last component is taught first, and other components are added one at a time.
Q:
A traffic ticket for speeding is an example of an independent variable.
Q:
Pairing stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response is known as all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. Pavlovian
b. classical
c. respondent conditioning
d. shaping
Q:
When using the system of least prompts, the teacher starts with the discriminative stimulus and then moves to the least restrictive prompt in her repertoire.
Q:
A temper tantrum is an example of a dependent variable.
Q:
The focus of the behavioral approach is:
a. observing and predicting
b. facilitating behavior change
c. recording and verifying aberrant behaviors
d. all of the above
Q:
Fading is the gradual removal of prompts.
Q:
An unexpected event is often referred to as a confounding variable.
Q:
To the behaviorist, punishment occurs only when:
a. the preceding behavior decreases
b. the preceding behavior increases
c. both a and b
d. neither a or b
Q:
When using time delay, delays are usually only a few minutes.
Q:
In research, the goal is to control for the presence or absence of variables that may affect outcomes.
Q:
A relationship among events in which the rate of a behavior's occurrence increases when some environmental condition is removed is:
a. differential reinforcement
b. reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement