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Education
Q:
All of the following refer to the process of generalization EXCEPT:
a. transfer of learning
b. stimulus generalization
c. behavioral perspective
d. A and C only
Q:
The primary purpose of scatter plot assessment is to:
a. determine the cause of behaviors that occur in bursts
b. present data in an easily readable format
c. specifically identify potential controlling variables
d. identify time related patterns of behavior
Q:
Define and give a rationale for social validity.
Q:
Miss Kennedy wants Oliver to learn the skills necessary to successfully participate in a job interview. She provides simulated training opportunities with Oliver that incorporate the same questions an interviewer would ask and the same environmental configuration. In addition, she has Oliver wear the outfit he will wear to his interview. Which technique for promoting generalization is Miss Kennedy using with Oliver?
a. Program common stimuli
b. Train loosely
c. Train sufficient exemplars
d. Use indiscriminable contingencies
Q:
All of the following are useful generalizations from the emerging literature on functional assessment analysis EXCEPT:a. for many students, inappropriate behavior leads to escape from aversive tasks or situationsb. all inappropriate behavior can be decreased or eliminated by teaching a functionally equivalent, appropriate behaviorc. much inappropriate behavior serves a communicative functiond. much inappropriate behavior is occasioned by high demand situations
Q:
Define what is meant by the statement "the relationship between behavior and the environment is reciprocal". Give an example.
Q:
"Using Sufficient Exemplars" is similar to "Sequential modification" in that:
a. Change is targeted and assessed with settings, individuals, or activities in which NO intervention has taken place.
b. Change is targeted and assessed with settings, individuals or activities in which intervention HAS taken place.
c. The same techniques that successfully changed behavior in one setting are applied to all settings where the target behavior is desirable.
d. None of the above
Q:
The MAS is:
a. Model/Analyze/Structure, a systematic method for teaching equivalent behaviors.
b. Multielement Analysis of Stimuli, a method of verifying hypotheses about behavioral functions
c. Motivation Assessment Scale, a structured questionnaire used for informant interviews
d. Manipulation of Antecedent Stimuli, a way to avoid presenting events that occasion inappropriate behavior
Q:
Which of the following statements is true?
a It is unethical to believe that any child is not capable of learning academic and preacademic skills.
b. It is unethical to waste the time of students for whom there is clear evidence that they are not capable of mastering traditional academics.
c. It is unethical not to consider the particular environment in which an individual lives when making decisions about the skills to be taught.
d. All of the above.
Q:
A behavior that lends itself to trapping includes:
a. Grooming skills
b. Social skills
c. Communication skills
d. All of the above
Q:
The same behavior exhibited by two different students may serve two different functions.
Q:
Voluntary participation in a behavior-change program must be:
a. informed
b. voluntary
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
Q:
Initially, Isabel is taught to use her augmentative communication system to indicate it's time for lunch when prompted by the teacher and when she feels hunger. Through instruction over time and withdrawal of the teacher's verbal prompt, Isabel now independently indicates it's time for lunch when her stomach begins growling. This is an example of what generalization technique?
a. Sequentially modify
b. Train loosely
c. Mediate generalization
d. Introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies
Q:
Under the play condition of behavior, instances of inappropriate behavior is minimal or nonexistent for a student.
Q:
In an attempt to keep ahead with his paperwork, Mr. Martin goes ahead and writes Frankie's IEP goals, objectives, and behavior management plan for the next year before the IEP meeting. Which ethical rule is Mr. Martin ignoring?a. The right to the most effective treatment procedures availableb. The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfarec. The right to treatment by a competent behavior analystd. The right to a therapeutic environment
Q:
The design associated with sequential modification is:
a. Multiple baseline design
b. Reversal design
c. Changing conditions design
d. Alternating treatment design
Q:
The function of inappropriate behavior represented in the alone condition is to gain positive reinforcement.
Q:
Jay is allowed to use his augmentative communication device only during break, lunch, and leisure time. According to his teacher, when his device is used during instructional time, it is distracting to other students. Which ethical rule has Jay's teacher ignored?a. The right to a therapeutic environmentb. The right to treatment by a competent behavior analystc. The right to the most effective treatment procedures availabled. The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfare
Q:
Jennifer learns to discriminate between hot and cold by operating the sink controls in the science lab. She has maintained 100% accuracy on this skill over several weeks. When she has to wash her hands in the restroom at Burger Barn next week, it is anticipated that she will independently use the water controls. The generalization technique being used here is:
a. Train Loosely
b. Train and Hope
c. Use Indiscriminable Contingencies
d. Program Common Stimuli
Q:
The function of inappropriate behavior represented in the demand condition is negative reinforcement.
Q:
Excited about her classroom visitors, Ms. Phillips points to Olivia and explains that although she has a
learning disability, she has made progress in math over the past two weeks. Which ethical rule has Ms. Phillips broken?
a. The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfare
b. The right to treatment by a competent behavior analyst
c. The right to the most effective treatment procedures available
d. The right to a therapeutic environment
Q:
__________ refers to the tendency of a learned behavior to occur after programmed contingencies have been withdrawn.a. Response maintenanceb. Stimulus generalizationc. Acquisitiond. Response generalization
Q:
Behavior rating scales are instruments designed to obtain more qualitative information from informants.
Q:
A "therapeutic environment" is always:
a. safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs
b. the general education classroom
c. the setting providing the fewest distractions thus providing greater effectiveness of behavioral strategies
d. all of the above
Q:
How do generalization objectives differ from acquisition objectives?
a. The conditions under which the behavior to be performed differs.
b. Differences in the criteria defined for performance
c. Differences in behavior targeted for change
d. a and b only
Q:
Direct observation strategies to gather information by taking data on the behavior while the student is engaged in it is also known as informant assessment.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate means for assessing social validity?
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Behavioral observations
d. Surveys
Q:
Which procedure is NOT necessarily the best to use for promoting generalization?
a. Delaying the delivery of reinforcers
b. Intermittent reinforcement
c. Use of a thin schedule of reinforcement
d. A continuous schedule of reinforcement
Q:
Setting events refer to the climate within which the behavior and the contingency occur.
Q:
In order for a practice to be considered "socially valid" it must:
a. meet the acceptability requirements of its consumers
b. meet the social acceptability requirements of the environment
c. use techniques considered ethical by professionals
d. all of the above
Q:
Which of the following is another term for "training loosely?"
a. Naturalistic teaching
b. Minimal intervention
c. Incidental teaching
d. All of the above.
Q:
Functional assessment is a strategy of manipulating the student's environment and observing the effect on his or her behavior.
Q:
A _________ position holds that human behavior is lawful and its causes can be identified in environmental events.a. Deterministicb. Constructivistc. Positivistd. Gestalt
Q:
Mr. Hawkins wants Abel to learn to purchase a newspaper from a newspaper vending machine. Over two weeks, Abel purchases newspapers from four different newspaper machines. This is an example of what generalization technique?
a. Train loosely
b. Train sufficient exemplars
c. Sequentially modify
d. Train to generalize
Q:
When replacing an inappropriate behavior with one that is appropriate, the new behavior must serve the same function as the old.
Q:
Which of the following would be a procedure used by an applied behavior analyst?a. Shock therapyb. Gestalt therapyc. Contingency contractingd. Drug therapy
Q:
The Relevance of Behavior Rule states that:
a. If teachers can generate behaviors that are reinforced by the natural environment, a situation equivalent to catching a mouse in a trap will be created.
b. The more relevant the behavior, the more likely the student will be to acquire the behavioral skill.
c. There is seldom a behavior that is performed exactly the same way in exactly the same place.
d. It is not always necessary to employ identical procedures to obtain stimulus generalization or maintenance.
Q:
Jack dislikes math. He throws his pencil across the room and is sent to the principal's office. This consequence allows him to escape math. Jack is positively reinforced for throwing his pencil.
Q:
The primary reason to behave ethically is to:
a. act within the law
b. act consistently with what one believes is right
c. act in a professional manner
d. all of the above
Q:
Ms. Coulter was successful using a token reinforcement system with Jordan to decrease his inappropriate behaviors in her class. Mr. Johnson is now going to implement the same token system in his class in hopes that Jordan's behavior will improve. This is an example of what generalization technique?
a. Train loosely
b. Sequentially modify
c. Introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies
d. Mediate generalization
Q:
Informal assessment is the most effective way to gather data for a functional analysis.
Q:
Which factors must be considered when attempting to determine whether a proposed intervention is ethical?
a. community standards
b. individual freedom and responsibility of the student
c. laws
d. all of the above
Q:
A driver is taught to push the accelerator when the traffic light turns green. While at work, she opens the dishwasher door, only when the light turns green. This is an example of:a. Stimulus generalizationb. Response maintenancec. Behavioral persistenced. Response generalization
Q:
Typical students are always appropriate models for students with disabilities.
Q:
Forms of applied behavior analysis include:
a. hypnosis
b. drug therapy
c. electroconvlusive shock therapy
d. none of the above
Q:
___________ occurs when a response that has been trained in a specific setting with a specific instructor occurs in a different setting or with a different instructor.a. Response maintenanceb. Stimulus generalizationc. Acquisitiond. Response Generalization
Q:
An analysis of a problem behavior's function is necessary for the selection of the most effective treatment procedures.
Q:
The laws of behavior operate:a. only for the mentally handicappedb. for students with mental ages between 2-7 yearsc. for all but gifted studentsd. for all of us
Q:
In mediating generalization, students may be taught to:
a. recognize reinforcers in the environment
b. monitor and report on their own behavior generalization
c. recruits reinforcers which may be available
d. responds to specific discriminative stimuli in multiple environments
Q:
It is unethical to eliminate a behavior if an individual lacks an alternative behavior to serve that behavior's function.
Q:
A primary consideration that guides teachers in designing a program to change a student's behavior is:
a. proven effectiveness of a technique
b. administrative desires
c. availability of materials
d. student's mental age
Q:
Students may be trained to be reinforced by generalization as a response class. This is described as:a. programming common stimulib. general case programmingc. training to generalized. training sufficient exemplars
Q:
A behavior's function is determined by its topography.
Q:
Teachers are accountable to:
a. administrative supervisors
b. parents of their students
c. the community
d. all of the above
Q:
Training of stimuli observed in both training and generalization settings is best described as:
a. use of indiscriminable contingencies
b. common stimuli programming
c. training loosely
d. train and hope methodology
Q:
Compare and contrast action research and experimental research.
Q:
The relationship between behavior and the environment is:
a. unilateral
b. reciprocal
c. parallel
d. linear
Q:
The use of indiscriminable contingencies takes advantage of:
a. sameness and difference in discriminative stimuli
b. naturally occurring reinforcers
c. continuous reinforcement to maintain behaviors
d. intermittent reinforcement to maintain behaviors
Q:
Using visual analysis analyze the data for the following two graphs (a and b). Identify the design used and discuss the effectiveness of the intervention using visual analysis for graphs A and B. Has a functional relation been established in each graph? Why or why not?Graphs A Graph B Derek Diana Robert Riley
Q:
For those students with maladaptive behaviors and limited adaptive behaviors in their repertoire, the teacher may need to:
a. just ignore the maladaptive behaviors
b. eliminate the maladaptive behaviors first
c. teach adaptive behaviors as soon as possible.
d. both b and c
Q:
A student learns the concept of "red" through training on a continuum of red colored items as well as blue and green items. The teacher has used:
a. general case programming
b. training loosely methodology
c. train and hope methodology
d. indiscriminable contingencies
Q:
Compare and contrast each of the following experimental designs in relation to establishing a functional relationship: reversal design, multiple baseline design, and changing criterion design.
Q:
In learning applied behavior analysis procedures, good supervision includes:
a. training and observation
b. training and evaluation
c. training and implementation
d. both a and b
Q:
In using general case programming:
a. single instances of stimuli are identified and used in training
b. multiple instances of stimuli are identified and used in training
c. a range of stimuli showing sameness and difference are identified and used in training
d. a range of stimuli showing difference only are identified and used in training
Q:
Discuss how percent of overlap is calculated when conducting a visual analysis of data.
Q:
The following procedures should be administered only under the supervision of a qualified instructor:
a. shaping
b. aversives
c. exclusion
d. all of the above
Q:
Facilitation of transfer and maintenance of behaviors to reinforcement contingencies in the natural environment may be facilitated by:
a. training students to avoid interfering reinforcers available
b. avoiding behaviors that are subject to trapping
c. teaching students to recognize reinforcement when given
d. training in a single natural environment
Q:
Discuss how single subject designs are evaluated through visual analysis of data.
Q:
Voluntary participation is facilitated by:
a. avoiding threats and incentives that are too powerful
b. involving the subjects of the program in selecting as few aspects of the program as possible
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
Q:
In mediating generalization, students are taught to monitor and report their own generalization of appropriate behavior.
Q:
Discuss some of the advantages and limitations to the changing conditions design.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT important to the consumers of education (students, parents, community)?
a. goals
b. procedures
c. outcomes
d. standardized assessment instruments
Q:
Choosing behaviors to change that will be maintained by the natural environment apply to the Premack Principle Rule.
Q:
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to using a multiple baseline design.
Q:
The goal of behavior analysts is to __________ the number of options available to people.
a. decrease
b. neutralize
c. increase
d. limit
Q:
At times a programmed change in a target behavior will result in a change in a similar response class of behaviors.
Q:
Discuss the difference between a teaching design and a research design.
Q:
Aversive or exclusionary procedures may create problems in ALL BUT ONE of the following ways:
a. their misuse is common and often defined by the users as behavior modification
b. their use is always appropriate when administered by professionals
c. their use causes more concern than other behavioral procedures
d. all of the above
Q:
General case programming involves selection of training stimuli with degrees of sameness and difference within a stimulus class.
Q:
Describe the purpose of baseline measures.