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Q:
One of the problems with many of the laws that regulate counselors is that they only regulate the title, counselor, not the practice of counseling
Q:
Krumboltz includes work habits in his theory. He calls them
a Self-observed generalizations
b. Task Approach skills
c. Special abilities
d. Value3
Q:
Many private practitioners have found that bartering, that is offering fees in exchange for other services is an effective means of building a private practice.
Q:
In Krumboltz's theory interests would be viewed as
a. Self-observed generalizations
b. Cognized needs
c. Task approach skills
d. Associative learning experiences
Q:
NBCC suggests that career counselors take the client's SES into consideration when setting fees.
Q:
Krumboltz identifies four factors that influence individual development. Which of the following factors is not included in that list?
a. Inherited characteristics
b. Cultural heritage
c. Task approach skills
d. Metacognitions
Q:
A non-ad occurs whenever a private practitioner provides a community service.
Q:
In the social cognitive career theory interests develop as a result of
a. Values
b. Appraisals
c. Skills
d. Self-efficacy
Q:
One of the advantages of having licensing laws to regulate the practice of career counselors is that the public can register complaints with the state's attorney general who can prosecute fraudulent practitioners.
Q:
The career information processing model (CIP) seemingly builds on the work of
a. Super
b. Holland
c. Meichenbaum
d. Lent
Q:
Peer led career development activities have been available of college campuses for at least ________ years
a. 15
b. 20
c. 25
d. 50
Q:
Two of the career development theories rooted in learning theory are based to some degree of Albert Bandura's Social Learning theory. One of these, social cognitive career theory, is receiving more attention from practitioners and researchers. The most likely explanation for this is
a. Its emphasis on appraisals
b. Its emphasis on self-efficacy
c. It is more carefully constructed
d. Its postmodern underpinning
Q:
With regard to structure in career counseling groups, probably the most acceptable statement would be
a. The need for structure depends on the purpose of the group
b. Some structure is probably required for all groups
c. Unstructured groups have a definite place in career counseling
d. a & b above are both acceptable
Q:
Which of the following theorists do not emphasize cognitive factors?
a. Peterson and associates (CIP)
b. Lent and Associates (SCCT)
c. Krumboltz (Happenstance
d. None. They all emphasize cognitive processes
Q:
Forming a successful career counseling group requires a great deal of planning and screening of participants. Who might be excluded from a group made up largely of seniors headed for graduate school?
a. A gay student who would be the only gay student in the group
b. A foreign student who would be the only one from her country
c. A sophomore who is exploring career options
d. A Hispanic student who will be the only Hispanic student in the group
Q:
The theorist(s) that emphasizes preparing for conditions of uncertainty is (are)
a. Bloch
b. Lent and associates
c. Peterson and associates
d. Krumboltz
Q:
Which of the following is not classified as a brief intervention in the taxonomy of interventions presented in the text?
a. Career seminars
b. Career counseling
c. Career courses
d. Workshops
Q:
In the CIP model the acronym (CASVE) is used to outline the
a. Counseling process
b. Decision making process used by individuals
c. Metacognitions that influence the individual's career development
d. Cost-benefits analysis that individuals go through as they choose an occupation
Q:
Sampson and his colleagues at Florida State University have developed a unique approach to delivering career development services to college students. Their approach is based on several factors of which _______________ seems to be the most important.
a. Career maturity
b. Progress toward graduation
c. Cognitive functioning
d. Personality type
Q:
Social cognitive theory departs from Krumboltz" social learning theory on which major point?a. The importance attached to learningb. Use of Bandura's work as its foundationc. It emphasizes the importance of goalsd. It emphasizes the primacy of self-efficacy
Q:
The author has suggested that the career center is vital to the functioning of the postsecondary career development program. This suggestion is supported by the finding that nearly ___________ are like to use the center.
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%
Q:
According to Lent and his associates, self-efficacy is a major variable in the development of
a. Personality
b. Values
c. Self-confidence
d. Interests
Q:
Available data suggests that when college graduates are asked if they would try to get more occupational information if they were starting over that
a. Less than 20 percent would do so?
b. Half would seek more information
c. Two-thirds would seek more information
d. Three quarters would seek more information
Q:
If your client has poorly developed interests they can be strengthened through the use of several methods, the most powerful of which is called performance enactments according to SCCT.
Q:
The percentage that most accurately reflects the decisions of high school students who attend some form of postsecondary educational institution is
a. 25
b. 35
c. 40
d. 50
Q:
In one portion of the workplace, at least according to dual economy theory, some workers are treated as disposable.
Q:
College graduates are not immune from unemployment, but for recent graduate data suggests that their unemployment rate is ________ than that of the general population.
a. Lower
b. About the same
c. higher
d. Much higher " double the rate
Q:
Of the three learning theories discussed in Chapter 5 SCCT seems to be having the greatest impact on practice according to the author.
Q:
Underemployment is a common phenomenon among American workers including college graduates. The statement about underemployment that is most accurate is
a. It is a carefully defined construct
b. Different research organizations define underemployment in different terms
c. It usually means part time workers looking for full time work
d. None of the above
Q:
The primary emphasis in both SCCT and Krumboltz's theory is the emphasis on self-efficacy.
Q:
The most widely offered career development service on college campuses is probably
a. Career counseling
b. Assistance with resume development
c. Career classes
d. Short term career exploration groups
Q:
SCCT and Krumboltz's theory are compatible because of their roots in social learning theory.
Q:
The major differences between the career development competencies of adults and young adults lies in the area of
a. Retirement planning
b. Recognizing the relationship of work and leisure
c. Preparing for job transitions
d. a and c above
Q:
In Social Cognitive Career theory, interests are a direct outcome of self-efficacy expectations and appraisals.
Q:
The open door admissions policy characterizes
a. Vocational-technical institutions
b. Community colleges
c. Small liberal arts colleges
d. a and b above
Q:
Krumboltz retained the original decision making model in his "Happenstance" revision.
Q:
It is probably the case that community colleges differ most from four-year colleges in
a. Philosophy
b. Objectives
c. Responsiveness to society
d. Job placement activities
Q:
The information processing component of the CIP model supposes that the brain functions much like a computer.
Q:
Because they have recognized the importance of making good career decisions while they are in college to the psychological well-being of students, counselors and psychologists are increasingly interested in career counseling.
Q:
Career counseling often involves an assessment component. If the three theories discussed under the general rubric of learning theory, SCCT emphasizes the use of self- ratings of abilities as an assessment strategy.
Q:
Research supports the idea that relatively brief interventions can positively affect the career development of college students.
Q:
Both Super and Gottfredson discuss the process of compromise in the career choice and development process. In this regard, _________ is more specific about the nature of this process.
a. Super
b. Gottfredson
c. They are generally equal in this area.
d. None of the above
Q:
A non-traditional college student is technically one who is over 25.
Q:
Super's minicycle seems to be his way of describing
a. What occurs when people change job
b. Of no consequence for unskilled jobs
c. Of no importance; the maxicycles tells the developmental story
d. A response to Gottfredson's ideas about circumscription.
Q:
Since older than average students return to school because they are displaced from their current jobs they more need help making career decisions.
Q:
For Super, job satisfaction is tied to the extent to which people are able to
a. Integrate the job role with other life roles
b. Achieve their life goals
c. Satisfy the status values they acquire from their family
d. None of the above
Q:
Over half of the students who graduate from high school attend some form of post-secondary educational institution.
Q:
In the event decisional anxiety is a problem, the recommended approach for eliminating it isa. Postmodern " chaos theory basedb. Trait and factor approach using the SDSc. Cognitive behavioral approachesd. All approaches seem to work with this problem
Q:
Decisional anxiety is sometimes encountered among high school students. What symptoms indicate that decisional anxiety may be present
a. Avoidance of decision making
b. Impetuous decision making
c. a & b above
d. None of the above
Q:
Children appear to develop perceptions of occupational prestige similar to those of adults by age
a. 6
b. 8
c. 10
d. 12
Q:
When advising college bound students with the intent of increasing the likelihood that they will complete the bachelor's degree a primary point of emphasis should be
a. Taking four years of English with some AP and honors classes
b. Completing advanced math courses
c. Time management
d. A well rounded course of study
Q:
Super contends that certain characteristics observable during school years are related to later occupational success. Which of the following has been correlated with later success?
a. Parent's socioeconomic level
b. Geographic region of residency
c. Rural or urban home location
d. Employment of both parents outside the home
Q:
Written program objectives should specify outcomes
a. In measurable terms
b. Be in place prior to the design of the program
c. Tell the when, who, and how of the program
d. All the above
Q:
According to Super, the process of career development is essentially that of:
a. Finding the appropriate career pattern
b. Reality-testing and role-playing
c. Developing and implementing a self-concept
d. Becoming aware of a basic pattern of needs
Q:
The strategy that is probably best suited to establishing the need for the career development program is
a. Gaining administrative support
b. Involving the community in the planning process.
c. Conducting a needs assessment
d. Relying on results of the end of course testing program
Q:
The occupation that has fallen most in it prestige rating in the last 80 years is
a. Physician
b. Banker
c. Lawyer
d. Civil engineer
Q:
One of the major problems with the career development competencies included in the ASCA National Model is
a. They are not comprehensive
b. Grade level in which competencies are to be developed do not match pupil development
c. There are many holes in the lists; more competencies need to be laid out.
d. None of the above
Q:
Your client is a male freshman at a community college. Your interview reveals that he has a good understanding of himself, he is aware of his strengths and weaknesses, and knows about the requirements of the fields of work he is considering. In terms of Super's concept of life stages, he is:
a. Well ahead of expected development
b. About where one would expect
c. Considerably behind expected development
d. Well ahead on job knowledge and far behind on self-knowledge.
Q:
Whiston and Sexton's review of the literature about the efficacy of school counseling interventions suggests that
a. Classroom guidance should be employed extensively
b. Individual planning is likely to yield positive outcomes
c. System support may be the most cost efficient approach to fostering career development in the public school
d. None of the above
Q:
For Gottfredson compromise in the process of making occupational choice often occurs because of perceived
a. Accessibility of the occupation
b. Self-precepts
c. Masculinity/femininity of the occupation
d. Perceived ability and accessibility
Q:
Forty years ago many schools designed and implemented career education programs. Within 20 years most of these programs had been terminated. Among the reasons for the demise of most of these programs was
a. Confusion about their purpose
b. Concern about time taken away from academic subjects
c. Their name
d. All of the above
Q:
Gottfredson believes that people develop cognitive maps of career based on
a. Self-concept, sex-role stereotypes, and financial rewards
b. Interests, sex-role stereotypes, and values
c. Sex-role stereotypes, prestige of the occupation, interests and accesibility
d. Masculinity/femininity of the occupation, occupational prestige and fields of work
Q:
It seems that efforts to improve the outcomes of the career development program for minorities must be characterized by
a. Applied equally to all students
b. Greater intensity than those for other students
c. Be provided individually
d. Be provided in the context of the school day
Q:
A synonym for postmodern theory is
a. Collaborative
b. Ipsative
c. Constructivist
d. Longitudinal
Q:
The percentage of middle school students who reported in one study that they have not given any thought to their career choice is
a. 6
b. 12
c. 18
d. 24
Q:
If Gottfredson is correct about sex-role stereotyping school counselors should begin work to offset them at what grade level?
a. Early elementary school (k-3)
b. Late elementary school (3-5)
c. Early middle school (6-7)
d. Late middle school (7-8)
Q:
It seems likely that students who avoid career decision making are experiencing
a. Anxiety because of lack of information
b. Anxiety because of irrational thoughts about the outcome
c. Depression
d. Either the aftermath or current impact of substance abuse
Q:
Super's theory is largely based on white middle class research and observations.
Q:
One of the early advocates of career development programming in schools was
a. Hoyt
b. Marland
c. Super
d. a & b above
Q:
Super and Gottfredson have essentially the same definition of self-concept.
Q:
In the ASCA National Model assessment falls under the general rubric
a. Guidance curriculum
b. Responsive services
c. Individual planning
d. None of the above
Q:
Gottfredson believes that the sex-role associated with careers is the most important variable in the career choice process.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT likely to be a goal of the career development program?
a. Increasing knowledge of career clusters
b. Promoting early career choice
c. Increasing educational achievement
d. Developing an awareness of family roles
Q:
Super was the first to pose a developmental model of career choice and development.
Q:
Systematic career development programs are characterized by:
a. Student involvement in planning
b. School board input
c. Input on self-concept
d. Measureable objectives
Q:
Super's Life-Career Rainbow is out of date, mostly because of changes in women's career patterns..
Q:
Most of the K-12 career development program falls under the Guidance Curriculum in the ASCA National Model.
Q:
Super defines career maturity as the individual's readiness and ability to deal with the occupational challenges and problems that confront him/her.
Q:
The first step in planning a career development program is to appoint an advisory committee as per the ASCA National Model.
Q:
According to Super's theory there are trial and stable phases of the exploration stage.