Q&A Hero

Earth Science

Q: Alpine glaciers eroding parallel valleys may produce thin, sharp ridge forms known as arte.
Q: Glacial erosion and deposition produce landforms similar to fluvial processes and are, therefore, difficult to ascertain their origins.
Q: The presence of meltwater at the bottom of a glacier can increase its rate of movement.
Q: During a surge, a glacier moves up to 2 km/hr.
Q: If a glacier does not have debris embedded in its base, it is not a very effective agent of abrasion.
Q: Crevasses in alpine glaciers result from friction, tension, or compression.
Q: Ice regelation incorporates rock debris into a glacier.
Q: Most glaciers are stationary, moving at no more than several millimeters per year.
Q: A glacier behaves more like a plastic than a rigid body.
Q: Over 25% of the measured sea level rise has been attributed to alpine glacier wastage.
Q: Melting at the surface, internally, and the base, deflation, calving, and sublimation are all examples of ablation.
Q: A glacier is an open system with inputs of snow and outputs of ice, meltwater, and water vapor.
Q: Glacial ice forms more quickly in polar environments than in midlatitude, alpine environments.
Q: Surprisingly, there are no ice caps in Iceland.
Q: An ice cap is the most extensive form of continental glacier.
Q: The ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica have an average thickness of about 2 km (1.24 mi).
Q: Approximately, 81% of Greenland and 90% of Antarctica are covered with ice sheets.
Q: Calving leads to the formation of icebergs.
Q: A valley glacier is a form of alpine glacier.
Q: Worldwide, alpine glaciers are presently increasing in size and number.
Q: Combined, alpine glaciers and ice sheets cover about 10% of the Earth's land surface.
Q: Glacial ice can form during the duration of a single winter season in most glacial areas.
Q: Firn has a higher density than glacial ice.
Q: The snowline is at a higher elevation on equatorial mountains than on midlatitude mountains.
Q: All snowflakes have six sides and show a remarkable degree of similarity to one another.
Q: Many western states rely heavily on snowmelt for their municipal water supplies.
Q: Which of the following has been sited as a positive feedback loop involving the thawing of permafrost?A) Thawing of permafrost will increase albedo, leading to more warming.B) Thawing of permafrost will release vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, accelerating warming.C) Thawing of permafrost will contribute to sea level rise, which will further reduce overall global albedo values.D) Thawing of permafrost will inhibit frost wedging action on large boulders, altering absorption ability.
Q: In which year did surface melt on the Greenland ice sheet reach its greatest extent? A) 2002 B) 2006 C) 2012 D) 2013
Q: Which of the following is evidence of recent changes in polar regions? A) decrease in Arctic sea-ice volume B) ice sheet darkening C) increase in meltponds D) the breakup of ice shelves E) decrease in sea ice volume, ice sheet darkening, increased meltponds, and ice shelves calving are all evidence of recent changes in polar regions
Q: Which of the following has not been sited as a possible cause of ice sheet darkening? A) ice melt has exposed darker land surface, water, and vegetation B) black carbon accumulation from wildfires C) sunspot activity D) snow metamorphism
Q: Which of the following is not true? A) The Antarctic is generally colder than the Arctic. B) Antarctica can be thought of as a continent covered by a single enormous glacier. C) The Arctic is a large landmass surrounded by a cold ocean. D) About half of the Arctic sea-ice volume has disappeared since 1970.
Q: The 10C (50F) isotherm for July is used as the environmental criteria to define A) the Arctic region. B) the Antarctic convergence. C) the Antarctic region. D) the extent of Pleistocene glaciation.
Q: Glaciation can take about ________ years, whereas deglaciation requires about ________ years. A) 1000; 100 B) 100; 1000 C) 100,000; 10,000 D) 10,000; 90,000
Q: The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of which pluvial lake? A) Lake Russell B) Lake Bonneville C) Lake Lahontan D) Lake Manix
Q: During the Pleistocene pluvial lakes formed in the ________ United States as a result of ________. A) southwestern; melting glaciers B) southwestern; extended periods of wet conditions C) northeastern; ice deposits in till plains D) northeastern; melting glaciers
Q: Which of the following is not an example of a pluvial lake? A) Lake Superior B) Lake Bonneville C) Lake Lahontan D) Lake Russell
Q: Sea levels 18,000 years ago were approximately A) 100 m (330 ft) lower than they are today. B) 50 m (165 ft) higher than they are today. C) 10 m (33 ft) higher than they are today. D) 25 m (82 ft) lower than they are today.
Q: The Great Lakes of North America were created by A) ice sheets that enlarged and deepened stream valleys to form the basins of the future lakes. B) the deposition of ice in till plains. C) cirque glaciers. D) isostatic subsidence of the crust.
Q: Describe loess deposits, their formation, distribution, and their importance.
Q: Explain the formation of sand dunes.
Q: Describe the eolian processes of deflation and abrasion.
Q: Describe the formation and characteristics of salt marshes and mangrove swamps. What are the factors necessary for the creation of each. What are the spatial extents of each kind?
Q: Describe the causes and consequences of coral bleaching.
Q: How do barrier islands form? What are the hazards associated with them? Why is it generally unwise for humans to inhabit them?
Q: Describe the key features of a typical erosional coast and a typical depositional coast.
Q: Discuss a how a tsunami is formed, how it behaves in the open ocean, and how it behaves when it contacts the shore. Include its physical characteristics, travel speed and pattern, and nature of impact with land.
Q: What accounts for the coastal straightening and the formation of a longshore current?
Q: Describe the process of wave motion.
Q: What are the factors responsible for tides? Desribe the conditions that lead to neap and spring tides.
Q: Describe the physical composition of seawater.
Q: Describe the three main zones of the ocean.
Q: Dune migration threatens human structures and may adversely affect human health.
Q: Degradation and loss of coastal ecosystems is a major challenge for the 21st Century.
Q: Loess deposits occur worldwide on every major continent other than Antarctica.
Q: Soils formed from loess tend to be infertile.
Q: Dunes are typically classified based on shape.
Q: The windward side tends to be the steepest side of dunes.
Q: Dunes are the smallest features shaped by the movement of windblown sand.
Q: Saltation accounts for the majority of material transported by the wind.
Q: A ventifact can be used to determine the dominant wind direction in an area.
Q: The major erosional processes in the desert are eolian.
Q: The wind has relatively minor effects on weathering and erosion.
Q: Mangrove swamps tend to occur at higher latitudes.
Q: Coral bleaching occurs due to the expulsion of the symbotic algae from the coral.
Q: Coral bleaching results in the death of corals.
Q: Worldwide, corals are healthy and appear not to be affected by pollution, changes in surface ultraviolet radiation, or increases in ocean temperaturesat this time.
Q: Coral atolls form around sinking volcanic islands.
Q: All of the nutrition for corals comes from resident algae that lives with the coral.
Q: Corals can photosynthesize and, therefore, provide their own nutrients.
Q: Barrier islands can migrate.
Q: Barrier islands are stable islands that are suitable for development.
Q: Beach nourishment is the natural replenishment of sand along a beach by littoral drift.
Q: Interrupting the littoral drift (such as with groins or jetties) disrupts the natural beach replenishment process.
Q: A lagoon is a shallow, freshwater body separated from the sea.
Q: A beach acts to stabilize a shoreline by absorbing wave energy, even though materials are in almost constant motion.
Q: A tombolo cuts off a portion of the ocean along a coast, forming a lagoon.
Q: Headlands are the location of diverging wave action, whereas bays receive converging wave action.
Q: The increase in wave height as a tsunami approaches a coast is the result of the shortening of wavelengths.
Q: Tsunamis generated by earthquakes form giant waves while traveling in the open ocean.
Q: Waves usually perpendicular to the coast.
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