Q&A Hero

Q: Compare and contrast positivist criminology to classical criminology. What are the similarities, and what are the difference?

Q: Explain the difference between repetitive victimization and revictimization.

Q: Explain how income impacts the crime rate. Why do individuals who live in lower socioeconomic conditions have higher rates of crime and are also more likely to become victims of crime.

Q: Explain what life course theories seek to do?

Q: Discuss two factors from your book why women may constitute such a small percentage of criminal activity in relation to men?

Q: How might you explain the renewed interest in biological explanations of crime?

Q: Compare and contrast two of the following three explanations for criminal behavior: ∙ Biological ∙ Psychological ∙ sociological

Q: Discuss two of the factors discussed in your text which demonstrate how anyone may be a victim of crime.

Q: Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic has high, prominent cheekbones. This physical attribute in a criminal would be considered a _________. a. criminogenic trait b. psychoanalytic trait c. antisocial trait d. sociopath

Q: Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his "friends". Edwin Sutherland referred to this as __________.a. anomieb. strainc. differential associationd. process

Q: Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic participated in crime as a teen, but was able to go on and make a successful life for himself. Which theory would Dominic's case best support? a. psychological theory b. life course theory c. sociological theory d. gender theory

Q: Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence.Christina's depression played a significant part in her criminal lifestyle. Which theory best explains why this is so?a. gender explanationsb. life course explanationsc. sociological explanationsd. psychological explanations

Q: Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence.Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed her crimes because women are seeking ________.a. equalityb. transitionc. financial gaind. structure

Q: Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence.Which major theory of criminality would best explain Christina's criminal behavior based upon formative years?a. psychologicalb. social contractc. social processd. social structure

Q: Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage. Jeff will receive assistance from a volunteer agency which helps to navigate the court system. Such a group is often referred to as ________. a. inmate assistance program b. legal aid assistance program c. offender assistance program d. victim assistance program

Q: Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage. Jeff will most likely file a _____ lawsuit against the offenders that injured him, which will not be difficult to win. a. criminal b. tort c. civil d. motion

Q: Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage. Since Jeff and his coworkers were attending a bar late at night, they could be considered at a higher risk of criminal activity. This is known as _______. a. lifestyle-exposure theory b. routine activities theory c. social control theory d. learning theory

Q: Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage. Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him. This would be known as ________. a. victim precipitation b. revictimization c. repetitive victimization d. victimization

Q: According to these theories crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment. a. Biological b. Psychological c. Social Structure d. Social Process

Q: The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own victimization in a crime. a. victim precipitation b. revictimization c. repetitive victimization d. victim notification

Q: Which medical researcher suggested that environmental lead finds its way into the developing brains, it disturbs impulse control. a. Cesar Lombroso b. Sigmund Freud c. Emile Durkheim d. Herbert Needleman

Q: Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach? a. Human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, not by free will. b. Human behavior is determined by free will. c. Criminals are different from noncriminals. d. Science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Q: Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases? a. The right to be questioned by the accused. b. The right to reasonable notice of any court proceeding, parole proceeding, release, or escape of the accused. c. The reasonable right to confer with the federal prosecutor. d. The right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay.

Q: Which actions may reduce the fear of crime? a. staying home after dark b. moving to the suburbs c. installing home security systems d. working the night shift

Q: Which of the following is more closely linked to exposure to crime? a. having a higher income b. living in a rural area c. living in a suburban area d. living in a city

Q: Individual Americans influence criminal justice policy through their involvement in community organizations, such as _____ .a. neighborhood associationsb. parent-teacher organizationsc. church groupsd. all of the above

Q: Women's share of arrests is highest for which type of crime? a. robbery b. rape c. murder d. larceny-theft

Q: What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending? a. the gender gap, and differences in types of offenses committed by men and women b. the fact that women are more criminal than men, and also commit more serious crimes c. the role of victimization on offending, and the disparate treatment of minority offenders d. the income inequalities between men and women, and the fact that women are more likely to live with their children

Q: Most women criminals come from a. upper-class families b. middle-class families c. lower-class families d. upper-middle class families

Q: In relation to men, women commit a. more crime b. the same amount of crime c. less crime d. no research is available on this subject

Q: Prior to the 1970s, why was it assumed that women did not commit serious crimes? a. women were not physically strong enough b. women were assumed to be very dependent and nurturing c. women were not given the opportunities to commit such crimes d. women were too intelligent

Q: Which of the following argued that the women's movement increased the role of women in criminal activity? a. Sigmund Freud b. Freda Adler c. Edwin Sutherland d. Richard Herrnstein

Q: Which of the following theories involves the use of criminal law to control society's poor and have-nots? a. social conflict b. Learning c. social structure d. Labeling

Q: What are the three types of social process theories? a. learning, control, and labeling b. biological, psychological, and sociological c. id, ego, and superego d. critical, radical, and Marxist

Q: Criminal activity where family and peers are primary influences is called a. control theory b. labeling theory c. learning theory d. conflict theory

Q: Who created the theory of differential association? a. Sigmund Freud b. James Q. Wilson c. Cesare Lombroso d. Edwin Sutherland

Q: Which theory contains the idea that any person regardless of education, class, or upbringing can become a criminal? a. biological theory b. social process theory c. social conflict theory d. social structure theory

Q: All countries of the world have the same definitions of rape as a crime. a. Trueb. False

Q: What is cybercrime and how does it pose challenges to Americans as victims, as well as law enforcement agencies in detecting it?

Q: How do budge cuts influence approaches to crime and crime rates within the criminal justice system?

Q: We often think of the prosecutor and defense attorney as "adversaries" in the courtroom. What benefits might we see if they work together as a team to process criminal cases?

Q: Some states have eliminated education programs for inmates in their prisons. What is the purpose of such a policy? Would it help reduce or increase crime rates?

Q: Why might Americans believe there is a serious crime problem in the United States, when in fact crime rates have been steadily decreasing?

Q: Should the acts of terrorism committed in Oklahoma City and on 9/11 be considered "organized crime" or "terrorism"? Why does it matter how we define these acts (or does it)?

Q: Some have argued that offenses that are mala prohibita should be illegal because they lead to crimes considered to be mala in se. Give an example of one type of crime that can lead to another. Which type of crime should we be more worried about?

Q: Why do some researchers believe that the crime rate declined in the 1990s because of the Supreme Court decision on abortion? Do you agree with this theory?

Q: Would the abuse of a suspect in a police station be considered an "occupational crime" or a "visible crime"? Occupational crimes can be committed "through the exercise of government authority." Does this mean we blame the government or the individual for such an offense?

Q: Why do you think that politicians often "propose laws without carefully studying" the crimes those laws are meant to address? What is the effect of this on American society?

Q: Policies developed through guidance from research studies that demonstrate which approaches are most useful and cost-effective for advancing desired goals are known as _____.

Q: Issued each year by the FBI, the ______are a statistical summary of crimes reported to the police.

Q: The theft of social security numbers, credit card numbers, and other information in order to secure loans, withdraw bank funds, and purchase merchandise while posing as someone else is known as _______.

Q: Those who participate in organized crime often move their criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts through _____.

Q: The growth of global transportation systems, international trade, computerized financial transactions, and worldwide availability of information through the Internet facilitated the expansion of the international economy. Simultaneously, these factors provided the basis for _____ .

Q: One example of ____ is when neighborhood citizens volunteer to walk students to school, as done in Operation Safe Passage.

Q: The large numbers of crimes that are not reported are called the ______.

Q: _____is often referred to as "street crime."

Q: _____refers to a framework within which criminal acts are committed.

Q: Edwin Sutherland developed the concept of _____crime.

Q: The _____ measures crime using victim interviews.

Q: The ____ measure crime based on counts from police departments.

Q: Offenders convicted of _____ may receive a penalty of up to one year in jail.

Q: _____ crimes are committed for ideological purposes.

Q: _____ crimes are committed in the context of a legal business or profession.

Q: Crimes that are wrong by nature are called _____.

Q: Crimes that are prohibited by government but are not wrong by nature are called _____.

Q: According to your text, examples of _____crimes include: Gambling, prostitution, and drug use

Q: The ____ model assumes freedom is so important that every effort must be made to ensure that crime justice decisions are based upon reliable information.

Q: The _____ model emphasizes efficiency and the capacity to catch offenders.

Q: Elizabeth is a middle age female who was planning to purchase a new spring wardrobe with her credit card. When she handed her salesperson her credit card, she was surprised to find out that it was denied. Elizabeth had no idea how this could possibly have happened. She has a $20,000 credit limit and currently has a zero balance. Elizabeth realized that a crime had been committed against her.Credit card fraud, such as what Elizabeth suffered, are responsible for the loss of per ____ year to merchants.a. 1 millionb. 10 millionc. 1 billiond. 10 billion

Q: Elizabeth is a middle age female who was planning to purchase a new spring wardrobe with her credit card. When she handed her salesperson her credit card, she was surprised to find out that it was denied. Elizabeth had no idea how this could possibly have happened. She has a $20,000 credit limit and currently has a zero balance. Elizabeth realized that a crime had been committed against her.Elizabeth was a victim involving the use of computers and the Internet to commit acts, which is referred to as ______.a. cybercrime b. identify theftc. organized crime d. political crime

Q: Elizabeth is a middle age female who was planning to purchase a new spring wardrobe with her credit card. When she handed her salesperson her credit card, she was surprised to find out that it was denied. Elizabeth had no idea how this could possibly have happened. She has a $20,000 credit limit and currently has a zero balance. Elizabeth realized that a crime had been committed against her.The offender who committed identity theft against Elizabeth committed an act that would be considered wrong just by the very nature of the act itself. This would also be known as a _____crime.a. mala in seb. mala prohibita c. felonyd. misdemeanor

Q: Elizabeth is a middle age female who was planning to purchase a new spring wardrobe with her credit card. When she handed her salesperson her credit card, she was surprised to find out that it was denied. Elizabeth had no idea how this could possibly have happened. She has a $20,000 credit limit and currently has a zero balance. Elizabeth realized that a crime had been committed against her.Elizabeth was most likely the victim of what type of crime?a. transnational crime b. money laundering c. organized crimed. identity theft

Q: James is a vice president of a local banking organization. He and his wife have been in danger of foreclosure on their home after his wife lost her job last year. James recently found out that he can transfer a small percentage of his client's earnings into his own account without drawing attention to those in power. He has been able to transfer enough money to break even on their mortgage. He is aware that he is breaking the law; however, he does not see his crime as being on the same scale as a violent crime. He is also aware that if he is caught, the criminal justice system will go easy on him because he is a first time offender.James is quickly educated on how to navigate the court system. He is made aware that the state must PROVEthat he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This is known as the _____.a. crime control modelb. due process modelc. criminal justice modeld. due justice model

Q: James is a vice president of a local banking organization. He and his wife have been in danger of foreclosure on their home after his wife lost her job last year. James recently found out that he can transfer a small percentage of his client's earnings into his own account without drawing attention to those in power. He has been able to transfer enough money to break even on their mortgage. He is aware that he is breaking the law; however, he does not see his crime as being on the same scale as a violent crime. He is also aware that if he is caught, the criminal justice system will go easy on him because he is a first time offender.When caught, James admitted to stealing approximately $100,000 from his employer over the last year through through financial deception. This is what Edwin Sutherland referred to asa. organized crime b. felony crimec. white collar crimed. white criminal crime

Q: James is a vice president of a local banking organization. He and his wife have been in danger of foreclosure on their home after his wife lost her job last year. James recently found out that he can transfer a small percentage of his client's earnings into his own account without drawing attention to those in power. He has been able to transfer enough money to break even on their mortgage. He is aware that he is breaking the law; however, he does not see his crime as being on the same scale as a violent crime. He is also aware that if he is caught, the criminal justice system will go easy on him because he is a first time offender.When James walked into his office on Wednesday morning, he was met by his supervisor and law enforcement.What crime did James participate in?a. organized crime b. political crimec. victimless crimed. occupational crime

Q: Sherry is a 40 year old old white female who frequently participates in prostitution to provide for her crack habit. She was raised in a single parent home and has been selling herself for the last 18 years. She has been arrested several times and has no hope to make a better life for herself.Sherry's crime is a questionable crime by many who feel that prostitution is not wrong in and of itself. This type of crime is referred to as ________.a. mala prohibita b. mala in sec. felonyd. misdemeanor

Q: Sherry is a 40 year old old white female who frequently participates in prostitution to provide for her crack habit. She was raised in a single parent home and has been selling herself for the last 18 years. She has been arrested several times and has no hope to make a better life for herself.One night, during a planned meeting with one of Sherry's "clients", she is raped, sexually assaulted, and robbed.Sherry does not call and report the crime to law enforcement because of her history. This encounter would be an example of the ___________.a. criminal figure of crime b. statistical figure of crime c. dark figure of crimed. true figure of crime

Q: Sherry is a 40 year old old white female who frequently participates in prostitution to provide for her crack habit. She was raised in a single parent home and has been selling herself for the last 18 years. She has been arrested several times and has no hope to make a better life for herself.Sherry is arrested for possession with intent to sell after being picked up for prostitution. The judge agrees to the plea bargain that requires that she pleads guilty to all charges with a five year prison sentence. She is pushed quickly through the court system. This would be an example of what model?a. crime control b. due processc. evidence based d. justice based

Q: Sherry is a 40 year old old white female who frequently participates in prostitution to provide for her crack habit. She was raised in a single parent home and has been selling herself for the last 18 years. She has been arrested several times and has no hope to make a better life for herself.Sherry willingly participates in prostitution and feels as though her actions should not be considered criminal. Which type of crime does Sherry participate in?a. victimless crime b. political crimec. occupation crime d. organized crime

Q: This particular type of crime includes homicide, assault, and rape. a. visible crimeb. property crime c. organized crime d. victimless crime