Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Criminal Law
Q:
Small counties frequently cannot afford to seek death penalty as punishments due to the expenses involved in trials a. Trueb. False
Q:
Approximately 30% of persons under correctional supervision are in prison. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Restorative justice programs in Vermont have increased the percentage of non-violent offenders in the state's prisons.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Many legislators, prosecutors, and judges have abandoned rehabilitation as a goal. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Social scientists have been able to measure how many people stopped themselves from committing a crime as a result of the threat of certain punishments being imposed.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The goal of deterrence assumes criminals to be rational. a. Trueb. False
Q:
An example of retribution is the saying, "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." a. Trueb. False
Q:
When imposing a sentence, Judges consider one goal such as retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation or deterrence. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Punishments rarely reflect the dominant values of a particular timeframe in history. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Many exonerations are not based on DNA evidence but rather on the discovery that police and prosecutors had ignored or hidden __________.
Q:
The United States Supreme Court decided in the case of ________ v. __________ that the death penalty is unconstitutional for offenders under the age of 18.
Q:
A mechanism to indicate to judges the expected sanction for certain offenses is called ____________.
Q:
The United States Supreme Court found that the death penalty was unconstitutional in _______ v. __________.
Q:
The United States Supreme Court declared that the death penalty was not implemented in a racially discriminatory manner in the case of ______________ v. _____________.
Q:
The _________process is a major factor in delaying executions.
Q:
_____is a sentence that can be served while the offender remains living at home, with few restrictions.
Q:
If days are subtracted from a sentence for good behavior, this is called __________.
Q:
A ___________sentence is determined by statute and cannot be altered by a judge.
Q:
A __________fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period of time.
Q:
The goal of restoring a convicted offender to society through educational training is called _____________.
Q:
__________is punishment designed to be an example for the public.
Q:
_________occurs when an offender does not commit a crime for fear of receiving the punishment.
Q:
Theorist __________argued that human behavior is governed by a cost-benefit analysis.
Q:
In recent years, dozens of people have been released from prison when their innocence was discovered through the use ofa. polygraph tests b. lie detector testsc. eye witness testimony d. DNA testing
Q:
Which demographic group are you most likely to find overrepresented in the prison population of most states?a. white malesb. African American males c. white femalesd. Hispanic men
Q:
Legislatures construct sentencing guidelines according to two dimensions. These dimensions are a. seriousness of the offense and genderb. recidivism and genderc. seriousness of the offense and prior record d. gender and family responsibilities
Q:
Sentencing guidelines provide :a. judges with guidance of incarcerated felonsb. the corrections officers with discretion on incarcerating felons c. police officers with discretionary power for arrestsd. prosecutors with guidance on plea bargaining cases
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE regarding presentence reports?a. they are scientificb. they avoid stereotypesc. they ease the strain of decision making for a judge d. they are prepared by the prosecutor
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a factor in sentencing decisions?a. attitudes and values of the judgeb. conflicting goals of criminal justice c. administrative pressuresd. community values
Q:
Over half of adults under correctional supervision are on __________. a. probationb. parolec. house arrestd. intensive supervision probation
Q:
Probation officers play a role in sentencing bya. preparing the presentence report for the judge b. always asking for leniencyc. instructing victims about what to say at sentencing hearingsd. working with the defense attorney to prepare each defendant's rehabilitation plan
Q:
Which of the following offenders is most likely to be sentenced under the philosophy of selective incapacitation?a. a first-time drug offender b. a juvenile offenderc. a repeat burglary offender d. most female offenders
Q:
Defendants whose cases are processed through the lower court assembly line appear to receive a. severe punishmentb. moderate punishment c. little or no punishment d. none of the above
Q:
Felony cases are processed and offenders are sentenced in courts of a. limited jurisdictionb. general jurisdiction c. specific jurisdiction d. felony jurisdiction
Q:
Which of the following is a valid observation about the orientation and assumptions of lower courts in their attempt to process a large mass of cases?a. all defendants will go to trialb. the vast majority of defendants will plead "guilty"c. the courts must take extra care to filter out innocent defendants because prosecutors never drop charges d. each defendant is entitled to use two weeks or more of courtroom time in a trial
Q:
Which of the following statements about the death penalty is true?
a. the offenders race and sex can be considered as factors when deciding whether to invoke the death sentence
b. offenders sentenced to death are not entitled to effective counsel
c. it is constitutional to exclude jurors from capital cases who do not believe in the death penalty
d. It cannot be imposed on an offender who was a juvenile at the time the offense was committed.
Q:
The United States Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty, as administered, constituted cruel and unusual punishment in the case of
a. Furman v. Georgia (1972)
b. Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
c. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987)
d. Payne v. Tennessee (1991)
Q:
How many states in the United States use the death penalty?a. all fifty statesb. about three-fourths of the states c. about one-fourth of the statesd. about one-tenth of the states
Q:
From 1975 to 2000, the number of people facing the death penalty in the United States a. Increasedb. Decreasedc. stayed the same d. is unknown
Q:
Which of the following is true about the death penalty?
a. all Western democracies use the death penalty
b. a majority of Western democracies use the death penalty
c. the United States is virtually the only Western democracy to use the death penalty
d. none of the Western democracies, including the United States, use the death penalty
Q:
Who determines whether a prisoner has a reduction in sentence due to "good time" for good behavior?a. Judgeb. Prosecutorc. state supreme court d. prison administrator
Q:
When the commission of a specific crime leads offenders to be required to serve a minimum period of incarceration before release, this is called a(n)a. indeterminate sentence b. presumptive sentence c. mandatory sentenced. good time
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true about incarceration?a. incarceration is thought to have a significant effect in deterring potential offenders b. incarceration is inexpensivec. incarceration is the most visible and well-known penalty imposed by U.S. courts d. the majority of persons under correctional supervision are NOT incarcerated
Q:
Which term is used to define a model of justice that focuses on repairing damage done to the victim and the community?a. Reparations b. Rehabilitation c. Retributiond. Incapacitation
Q:
When the goal of punishment is to restore a convicted offender to society through therapy, this is called a. Incapacitationb. special deterrence c. Rehabilitationd. Retribution
Q:
Punishment that uses imprisonment or execution to prevent a person from committing additional crimes is called a. Incapacitationb. special deterrence c. Rehabilitationd. Retribution
Q:
Punishment designed to affect the future choice and behavior of individuals and targeted toward individuals who have already been convicted is calleda. Incapacitationb. special deterrence c. Rehabilitationd. Retribution
Q:
Which English scholar developed utilitarianism and viewed retribution as pointless?a. Orville Majorsb. Thomas Hobbes c. John Locked. Jeremy Bentham
Q:
Punishment that assumes the general public will not commit a crime because they observe the punishment of others is calleda. Incapacitationb. specific deterrence c. rehabilitationd. general deterrence
Q:
The pursuit of justice through punishment imposed on a person as "pay back" for harming society by violating criminal laws is calleda. Incapacitationb. special deterrence c. Rehabilitationd. Retribution
Q:
A shared understanding that creates an expectation that a guilty plea will lead to a less-than-maximum sentence is called a(n) __________.
Q:
For most cases, the most important step in the criminal justice process is ___________.
Q:
The local view of the proper sentence is called the _____________.
Q:
The unstable _________lacked all three workgroup criteria: close working relationships, shared values, and reasons to cooperate.
Q:
If individuals in a workplace interact in the workplace and develop norms and shared goals, this is called a(n) ___________.
Q:
What popular misconception exists about the appellate process?a. a large number of criminals are being "let off"b. criminal defendants are no longer permitted to appeal c. attorneys participate in the appellate processd. the U.S. Supreme Court is considered an appellate court
Q:
Of all cases in which convictions are reversed, about what percentage result in a new trial ordered?a. 2% b. 6% c. 10% d. 15%
Q:
From what population are jury pools drawn?a. all residentsb. registered voters and licensed drivers c. homeownersd. college graduates
Q:
An appeal that results in reversal of the conviction normally means that the case is _______to the lower court for a new trial.a. reversed b. remanded c. overruled d. upheld
Q:
Which of the following is true concerning appeals?a. most appeals by criminal defendants are successfulb. most appeals by criminal defendants are not unsuccessfulc. the number of successful appeals roughly equals the number of unsuccessful appeals d. criminal defendants are no longer permitted to file appeals
Q:
A legal petition requesting that a judge examine whether an individual is being properly detained is called a(n)a. writ of certiorarib. writ of probable cause c. ex post factod. habeas corpus
Q:
In the past decade, the number of appeals has a. increased at both the state and federal levels b. decreased at both the state and federal levelsc. increased at the state level, but decreased at the federal level d. increased at the federal level, but decreased at the state level
Q:
Indigent offenders' right to counsel continues through the _______appeal. a. firstb. second c. thirdd. fourth
Q:
The trial process is based upon the __________________.a. adversary processb. jurisdictional territory c. courtroom playersd. judicial discretion
Q:
A bench trial is presided over by a. a judge and a six person jury b. a judge and a nine person juryc. a judge and a twelve person jury d. a judge and no jury
Q:
How many felony cases actually go to trial?a. about one in three b. about one in four c. about one in tend. about one in twenty
Q:
The right of the accused to a speedy and public trial is found in the a. Fifth Amendmentb. Sixth Amendmentc. Seventh Amendment d. Eighth Amendment
Q:
According to your text, the most important factor in the decision to take a case to trial is likely to be the a. seriousness of the chargeb. previous record of the defendant c. quality of the defense attorneyd. ideology of the judge
Q:
In Ricketts v. Adamson (1987),the Supreme Court ruled thata. when a guilty plea rests on a promise of a prosecutor, it must be fulfilled b. defendants must uphold the plea agreement or suffer the consequencesc. a plea of guilty may be accepted for the purpose of a lesser sentence by a defendant who maintains his or her innocenced. defendants must state that they are voluntarily making a plea of guilty
Q:
In North Carolina v. Alford (1970),the Court ruled thata. when a guilty plea rests on a promise of a prosecutor, it must be fulfilled b. defendants must uphold the plea agreement or suffer the consequencesc. a plea of guilty may be accepted for the purpose of a lesser sentence by a defendant who maintains his or her innocenced. defendants must state that they are voluntarily making a plea of guilty
Q:
What is the process called where there is no actual bargaining between parties, but rather an expectation that a guilty plea will lead to a less-than-maximum sentencea. indirect plea bargainingb. insufficient plea bargaining c. indecisive plea bargaining d. implicit plea bargaining
Q:
During plea bargaining, a multiple-offense indictment is a tactic used by a(n)a. judgeb. prosecutor c. defendantd. defense attorney
Q:
In Blackledge v. Allison (1976), Justice Potter Stewart argued that plea bargaining a. benefits only the defendantb. benefits only the prosecutor c. benefits only the judged. benefits all concerned in a criminal case
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true concerning plea bargaining?a. plea bargaining leads to expedited disposal of most criminal casesb. plea bargaining reduces the amount of time that released suspects spend free on bail c. plea bargaining reduces the amount of time that pretrial detainees must spend in jaild. offenders who plead guilty to serious charges must wait longer to get in prison counseling, training, and educational programs
Q:
In Santobello v. New York (1971), the United States Supreme Court ruled thata. when a guilty plea rests on a promise of a prosecutor, it must be fulfilledb. defendants must uphold the plea agreement or suffer the consequencesc. a plea of guilty may be accepted for the purpose of a lesser sentence by a defendant who maintains his or her innocenced. defendants must state that they are voluntarily making a plea of guilty
Q:
Which best describes how often cases are plea bargained?a. cases are never plea bargained b. cases are seldom plea bargainedc. less than half of all cases are plea bargained d. a vast majority of cases are plea bargained
Q:
The research of Eisenstein and Jacob on the impact of courtroom workgroups across major cities revealed that a. the same type of felony was handled very differently in each cityb. the same type of felony was handled the same in each cityc. different types of felonies were handled very differently in each city d. different types of felonies were handled the same in each city
Q:
What does this figure represent?a. model of police arrest discretion b. model of correctional sentencing c. model of court appeals processd. model of evidentiary standards testing
Q:
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a workgroup?a. interaction among members b. sharing of goalsc. continued interaction brings conflictd. members develop a set of norms about how they will interact
Q:
Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the courtroom workgroup?a. bailiff b. judgec. attorney d. clerks