Q&A Hero

Q: The historical roots of probation can be traced to the a. procedures of community supervision in Franceb. procedures for reprieves and pardons of early English courts c. procedures for forgiveness of the Spanish courtsd. procedures of shock probation in Russian courts

Q: Which of the following is NOT true about home confinement?a. home confinement is problematic because crimes can be committed from the home b. electronic monitoring in home confinement is more expensive than imprisonmentc. home confinement raises the issue of the right to privacy because governmental corrections supervision has invaded a private homed. electronic monitoring in home confinement may involve technical problems with the effectiveness of the equipment

Q: The goal of community corrections is based ona. punishing the offender as severely as possibleb. teaching the offender to resist temptation by increasing the offender's contact with the criminal world c. punishing the offender with the least restrictive alternatived. the idea that punishment is wrong

Q: Community corrections assumes that a. only the offender needs to changeb. only the community needs to changec. both the offender and the community need to adaptd. the offender and the community do not need to adapt

Q: Which of the following is TRUE regarding community corrections?a. offenders assigned to community corrections have committed offenses that are not seriousb. community supervision is more expensive than incarcerationc. the rates of recidivism for those under community supervision are higher than those who go to prisond. community supervision is more destructive to the offender than going to prison

Q: The Bureau of Prisons enters into contractual agreements with cities to provide which of the following service?a. halfway housesb. prerelease programs c. electronic monitoring d. all of the above

Q: _________and high levels of violence are hallmarks of many jails. a. murderb. suicide c. theftd. gangs

Q: The ____________ is responsible for the punishment of federal offenders.a. Federal Bureau of Incarcerationb. Federal Bureau of Prisonsc. Federal Bureau of Preventative Crime d. Federal Bureau of Crime Displacement

Q: Which of the following is not a principle of the separate confinement system?a. Prisoners would not be treated vengefully but should be convinced that through hard and selective forms of suffering they could change their lives.b. Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison. c. Solitary confinement is expensive.d. In isolation, offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent.

Q: A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as agricultural, mining, logging, and construction laborers.a. lease systemb. contract labor system c. congregate systemd. confinement system

Q: An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds,repent, and reform. a. jailb. penitentiary c. reformatory d. dormitory

Q: How has the use of technology made an impact for prisoners? How has it challenged guards?

Q: How does the use of segregation impact on prisoners, especially during their initial confinements?

Q: Discuss the Pros and cons of prison privatization.

Q: Previously, prisons used to use inmates to help keep other inmates "in line". Inmates were sometimes selected to assist guards with security prior to the Ruiz v. Estelle decision. Why do you think prisons discontinued using inmates to provide security?

Q: Discuss two landmark cases where constitutional rights have been given to prisoners? Do you think that prisoners have too many rights (after all, once incarcerated you lose many rights along with your freedom)?

Q: What challenges to female prisoners face during incarceration? How do these differ from those faced by male prisoners?

Q: Which model of corrections do you think would be most successful at reducing criminal behavior following incarceration?

Q: What were the main criticisms of the separate confinement and congregate systems? Why did the United States move away from these methods of incarceration?

Q: The War on Drugs has drastically reduced drug use. a. Trueb. False

Q: One explanation for the increase in the incarceration rate in the 1990s was the increase in the number of arrests. a. Trueb. False

Q: The states in the northeast part of the United States have shown the largest increase in prison populations. a. Trueb. False

Q: Throughout most of the twentieth century, the number of persons incarcerated had either declined or remained stable. a. True b. False

Q: Jails are predominately filled with women. a. Trueb. False

Q: Jails are typically populated with poorly educated and low-income people. a. Trueb. False

Q: Jails are operated locally by elected officials. a. Trueb. False

Q: Jails house persons awaiting trial, or who have been sentenced to less than one year of incarceration. a. Trueb. False

Q: There is no "real difference" between jails and prisons. a. Trueb. False

Q: Private prisons are less flexible than state prisons. a. Trueb. False

Q: Private prisons are believed to have lower operating costs than state prisons. a. Trueb. False

Q: Private prisons are a billion-dollar industry. a. Trueb. False

Q: Twenty percent of incarcerated persons are men a. Trueb. False

Q: Almost one-half of the incarcerated population is comprised of women. a. Trueb. False

Q: All states run their prisons in an identical manner. a. Trueb. False

Q: The federal government provides all of the funding for American prisons. a. Trueb. False

Q: Correctional goals and methods are never influenced by social and political values. a. Trueb. False

Q: The rehabilitation model of corrections involved recommendations of behavior changes from social scientists. a. Trueb. False

Q: Prior to the nineteenth century, female prisoners were treated no differently than male prisoners. a. Trueb. False

Q: The Declaration of Principles concerning corrections addressed the issue of female prisoners. a. Trueb. False

Q: Under the New York System, prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs. a. Trueb. False

Q: A basic principle of the Pennsylvania System was an emphasis upon the social interaction among prisoners. a. Trueb. False

Q: The Quakers of Pennsylvania were instrumental in prison reform. a. Trueb. False

Q: Prior to 1800, Americans copied Europeans by using physical punishment such as flogging. a. Trueb. False

Q: Throughout the history of the United States, ideas about punishment have remained roughly the same. a. Trueb. False

Q: President Reagan's crusade against illegal narcotics was called the ____________.

Q: Under the __________ system, inmates benefited from continued recordings of good behavior, which increases their grade toward release.

Q: The Supreme Court has determined that cruel and unusual punishment must be based on the ___________in the institution.

Q: Most inmates in jails are under ___________years of age.

Q: The gender of the large majority of jail inmates is ___________.

Q: _________are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.

Q: Prisons that are managed by corporations are called _________prisons

Q: The administration of prisons is part of the __________branch of government.

Q: The correctional responsibilities of the federal government are divided between the ______ and the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.

Q: The ____ was created by Congress in 1930, and currently operates a system of prisons located throughout the nation.

Q: The ____ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological influences.

Q: An institution for young offenders emphasizing training is called a(n) __________.

Q: Under the __________system, inmates' labor was sold to private employers.

Q: An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society is called a(n) _______.

Q: ________is the formal government removal of an alien from the United States.

Q: Which of the following is true concerning crime rates and the prison population since 1991?a. crime rates and the prison population are both declining b. crime rates and the prison population are both increasing c. crime rates and the prison population are both stabled. crime rates are decreasing and the prison population is increasing

Q: In 1982, President Ronald Reagan's declaration against drugs was referred to as the a. "Attack on Drugs"b. "War on Drugs"c. "Battle against Drugs"d. "Crusade against Drugs"

Q: Which type of aliens is subject to deportation if arrested?a. illegal immigrantsb. sentenced illegal immigrants c. sentenced legal immigrantsd. all of the above are subject to deportation

Q: Which of the following factors is NOT among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the growth in the prison population?a. tougher sentencing b. prison construction c. the war on drugsd. fewer offenders being sentenced to the community

Q: Which of the following is TRUE concerning prison rates in Europe compared to the United States?a. Europe and the United States have similar incarceration rates b. Europe has a higher incarceration ratec. the United States has a higher incarceration rated. Europe and the United States have identical incarceration rates

Q: The Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of theira. Raceb. Gender c. Religiond. all of the above

Q: Prisoners' right to due process requires thata. they be allowed to conduct religious services b. they be given food and medical carec. they have access to television and recreationd. they have hearings when charged with serious disciplinary infractions

Q: Prisoners in this type of facility typically spend up to 23 hours per day in their cell:a. maximum securityb. supermaximum security c. minimum securityd. boot camps

Q: For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?a. freedom of speech b. freedom of religionc. right against unreasonable search and seizure d. right against cruel and unusual punishment

Q: What type of policy did federal courts generally maintain with respect to rights of prisoners prior to the 1960s?a. "hands-on"-active intervention for many rightsb. "hands-off"-rarely recognize any rights for prisoners c. intervention for freedom of speech onlyd. intervention to prevent unreasonable searches only

Q: The primary function of jails is toa. hold persons for less than one year b. hold persons for more than one year c. hold persons for more than five years d. avoid the stigma of prison

Q: Jails are administered locally by a. private citizens who volunteer b. appointed civil servantsc. elected officialsd. off-duty police officers

Q: Which of the following is TRUE about privately run prisons?a. private prisons are regarded as more costly b. private prisons are regarded as unreliablec. the profit incentive can interfere with the quality of serviced. private prisons do not have to comply with the standards of federal agencies

Q: State correctional facilities are classified according to the a. size of prison populationb. level of securityc. race of the prisonersd. geographic characteristics

Q: The central idea of the community corrections approach is the a. most alternative restrictionb. least alternative restrictionc. average alternative restrictiond. "supermax" alternative restriction

Q: In all states, the administration of prisons is part of the a. executive branchb. legislative branch c. judicial branchd. jointly run by executive and international branches

Q: The organization of corrections in the United States leaves the primary responsibility for administering prisons with thea. Statesb. United Nationsc. regional governing associations d. Towns

Q: At the federal level, probation officers are appointed by the a. Presidentb. Congressc. federal judiciary d. Attorney General

Q: Which of the following best describes the organization of corrections in the United States?a. Centralized b. Fragmented c. Unifiedd. Nationalized

Q: Which of the following is true in comparing federal prisoners with state prisoners?a. federal prisoners are more often violent offendersb. federal prisoners are convicted for the same types of crimes as state prisoners c. federal prisoners are less likely to be foreignersd. federal prisoners are disproportionately comprised of drug offenders

Q: Which level(s) of government operate correctional programs?a. Federal b. Statec. Countyd. all of the above