Q&A Hero

Q: The subarea of criminal statistics involves measuring the amount and trends of criminal activity.

Q: Shifting definitions of deviant behavior are closely associated with our concepts of crime.

Q: Deviant behavior is behavior that departs from social norms.

Q: Criminal justice explains the etiology, extent, and nature of crime in society.

Q: Which of the following is illegal but is not necessarily deviant?a)Incestb)Drug usec)Vandalismd)Phising

Q: When selecting subjects for research studies, criminologists should ensure they are selected in what manner?a. randomlyb. voluntarilyc. convenientlyd.biased

Q: In conducting research, criminologists primarily focus on both the poor and minorities while ignoring the __________________ criminals who may commit white-collar crime. a. middle-class b. employed c. White d. more intelligent

Q: What aspect of research may be questioned if studies are funded by organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of the research? a. the cost b. the objectivity c. the publishing of findings d. the scientific method

Q: The availability of government and foundation research money has spurred criminological inquiry and it has also influenced the _______ of research. a. supervision b. management c. conducting d. direction

Q: The evolution of criminal law has created and eliminated many laws. Among those currently recognized is __________, which is the "the willful, malicious and repeated following and harassing of another person." a. stalking b. domestic violence c. bullying d. assault

Q: In _________________________, the Supreme Court declared that laws banning sodomy were unconstitutional because they violated the due process rights of citizens because of their sexual orientation. a. Map v. Ohio b. Baze and Bowling v. Rees c. Lawrence v. Texas d. Roper v. Simmons

Q: When referring to the evolution of criminal law, which statement is inaccurate?a. The globalization of crime will prompt changes in the criminal law.b. Highly publicized cases may generate fear but rarely prompt changes in the law.c. Criminal law may shift to reflect tolerance of behavior previously condemned.d. Criminal law will constantly evolve to reflect social and economic conditions.

Q: College students who are drunk when they assault other people may claim they were suffering from a mental impairment that prevented them from understanding the harmfulness of their acts. They are using what type of defense? a. excuses b. justifications c. intent d. insanity

Q: Duress, self-defense, and entrapment are defenses in which the individual usually admits committing the criminal act but maintains that he or she should not be held criminally liable. These are what type of defense? a. excuses b. justifications c. intent d. insanity

Q: Changing technology requires modifications of the criminal law. A new defined crime that involves sending out bulk e-mail messages designed to trick consumers into revealing personal information is called: a. phishing b. spam c. hacking d. vishing

Q: Conspiracy, solicitation, and attempted crimes are also known as:a. misdemeanor offensesb. feloniesc. inchoate offensesd. civil offenses

Q: Statutory crimes are referred to as: a. mala in se b. mala prohibitum c. actus reus d. mens rea

Q: Murder, rape and other crimes deemed inherently evil are also referred to as _________________ crimes. a. mens rea b. actus reus c. mala in se d. mala prohibitum

Q: A battered wife who kills her mate might argue that she acted out of duress - committing her crime to save her own life. She would be using the defense of:a. justificationb. excusec. denying the actus reusd. denying mens rea

Q: Public welfare offenses, such as traffic offenses, are crimes that do not require mens rea to prove legal guilt because they endanger public welfare or violate safety regulations. They are also referred to as: a. mala prohibita b. strict liability crimes c. limited liability crimes d. felonies

Q: Failure to act can be considered a crime under all but which of the following circumstances? a. if the parties are bound by relationship b. if the state has a statue requiring that people give aid c. if a contractual relationship exists d. if an individual trusts another will act in their best interest

Q: The intent to commit the criminal act is known as: a. mens rea b. actus reus c. mala in se d. mala prohibitum

Q: Which of the following is not a social goal the government expects to achieve via contemporary criminal law? a. encouraging revenge b. maintenance of social order c. deterrence of criminal behavior d. express public opinion

Q: Criminal law is shaped by all but which of the following? a. shifts in culture and social conventions b. judicial decision-making c. legislative statutes d. social control mechanisms

Q: Crimes less serious in nature and punished with a fine or a period of incarceration in a jail are referred to as: a. strict liability offenses b. misdemeanors c. felonies d. wrongful offenses

Q: ______________ law governs the regulation of city, county, state, and federal government agencies. a. substantive law b. procedural law c. civil law d. administrative law

Q: This type of law is used to resolve, control, and shape such personal interactions as contracts, wills and trusts, property ownership, and involves tort law. a. substantive law b. procedural law c. civil law d. administrative law

Q: The rules of evidence, the law of search and seizure, questions of appeal, jury selection, and the right to counsel fall under what category of criminal law? a. substantive law b. procedural law c. civil law d. administrative law

Q: The branch of the law that defines crimes and their punishment is known as ______________. a. substantive law b. procedural law c. civil law d. administrative law

Q: Common law was developed after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 through the verdicts of _________ who used local customs and rules of conduct as guides for decision-making. a. juries b. popes c. kings d. royal judges

Q: Trials by ordeal were based on the principle that: a. divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed b. oath-takers would not allow an innocent person to be harmed c. physical characteristics would not allow an innocent person to be harmed d. common law would not allow an innocent person to be harmed

Q: The Code of Hammurabi established a system of crime and punishment based on physical retaliation. But, the severity of this physical retaliation depended upon one's:a. economic standingb. political standingc. class standingd. military standing

Q: The perspective that views crime as the reflection of the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction is: a. the consensus view b. the conflict view c. the interactionist view d. the Marxist view

Q: Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social positions. Criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots. a. conflict b. consensus c. interactionist d. common

Q: The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of: a. political harm b. social power c. social harm d. political power

Q: Studying the correction and control of known criminal offenders is: a. criminal statistics b. the sociology of law c. theory construction d. penology

Q: Research conducted on the links between different crimes and criminals is known as _____________. a. phrenology b. crime typology c. sociology d. psychology

Q: The sub-area of criminology concerned with the role social forces play in shaping criminal law and the role criminal law plays in shaping society is known as: a. victimology b. penology c. criminal statistics d. the sociology of law

Q: _________________ serve as models or frameworks for understanding human behavior and the forces that shape its content and direction. a. Theories b. Social control mechanisms c. Research methods d. Corrections

Q: Criminologists who devise valid and reliable measures designed to calculate the amount and trends of criminal activity fall under which sub-area of the criminological enterprise?a. theory construction and testingb. criminal statistic and crime measurementsc. penology and social controld. victimology and victimization

Q: Several sub-areas of criminology exist within the broader areas of criminology. These subareas are termed: a. the criminological enterprise b. the victim-offender enterprise c. the sociological enterprise d. the justice-offender enterprise

Q: Deviant behavior: a. violates the legal code b. is considered a felony c. is mala in se d. departs from social norms

Q: __________ is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. a. Sociology b. Criminal Justice c. Criminology d. Psychology

Q: Criminologists use ________ methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. a. economic b. scientific c. sociological d. psychological

Q: Governmental funding of research influences the direction of criminological inquiry because such funding sources often dictate ________ to study.

Q: A ______________ is a more serious offense that carries a long prison sentence or even death.

Q: The _________________________ established a system of crime and punishment based on physical retaliation and is one of the oldest set of written laws.

Q: ______________________ laws do not require mens rea, are meant to protect the public, and include traffic laws

Q: In most situations, for an act to constitute a crime it must be done with criminal intent or _________________.

Q: To satisfy the requirements of _______________, guilty actions must be voluntary. An act may cause harm but it is not a crime if it was done by accident or was an involuntary act.

Q: _________________is the written code that defines crimes and their punishments, and reflects the values, beliefs, and opinions of society's mainstream.

Q: According to the ________________ of crime, society is a collection of diverse groups. Groups able to assert their political power use the law and the criminal justice system to advance their economic and social position.

Q: The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of ________________________.

Q: The study of __________________ has uncovered that some people may engage in high-risk lifestyles that increase their own chance of victimization and make them highly vulnerable to crime.

Q: Criminal statistics, the sociology of law, theory construction, criminal behavior systems, penology, and victimology comprise the _______________________.

Q: __________ behavior is that which departs from the norms and values of society.

Q: Criminal statistics and crime measurement involves devising valid and _______ measures designed to calculate the amount and trends of criminal activity.

Q: Criminologists have been trained in diverse fields " sociology, criminal justice, political, science, psychology, political science, economics, and natural sciences - because criminology is a ____________________ science.

Q: ___________________ are devoted to the design and collection of valid and reliable data that address the causes of crime as well as crime patterns and trends.

Q: How can an officer avoid objections to his or her testimony in court?

Q: List and explain or describe the types or kinds of statements that are inadmissible in court.

Q: Detective Richard Gautsch emphasizes three major areas to focus on when giving courtroom testimony. What are these three areas, and which do you think would be most challenging for you?

Q: When should an investigator refer to his or her notes?

Q: When being cross-examined, how can an officer enhance his or her credibility in the eyes of the jury? Briefly outline some behaviors to avoid as well as some behaviors to display.

Q: The text details eight guidelines for effective testimony in court, the first of which is to "speak clearly, firmly and with expression." List the other seven guidelines for effective testimony.

Q: What are some of the tactics a defense attorney might use to cross-examine a prosecution witness?

Q: Briefly outline the usual sequence of events in a criminal trial.

Q: Describe nonverbal factors connected with testimony.

Q: What are the four strategies suggested in the text for excelling as a witness?

Q: Discuss the impact of Daubert v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., for expert witness testimony.

Q: What should an officer plan to discuss with the prosecutor at a pretrial conference?

Q: What mitigating circumstances might explain a case that is ultimately not prosecuted?

Q: Discuss the Brady rule and how it relates to evidence in a criminal trial.

Q: Briefly outline the seven elements of the final report prepared by an investigating officer.

Q: The ____________ process requires that the prosecution and the defense disclose to each other certain evidence they intend to use at trial.

Q: Gestures, eye movement and facial expressions are all forms of _________________.

Q: The witness ____________ rule is designed to prevent witnesses from hearing each other's statements during testimony.

Q: ______________ witnesses are used by the defense to contradict the testimony or evidence presented by the prosecution.

Q: _____________ communication, such as saying hello or giving directions, is permissible while waiting to testify.

Q: The main goal for an officer who testifies is to establish ___________ .