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Criminal Law
Q:
The Uniform Crime Report reports serious violent crimes and federal crimes.
Q:
Longitudinal or cohort research involves observing a group of people, who share like characteristics, over a period of time.
Q:
Self-report surveys can provide information on the personal characteristics of offenders, such as their attitudes, values, beliefs, and psychological profiles.
Q:
Most self-report surveys focus on juvenile delinquency and youth crime.
Q:
Chronic offenders have become a central focus of crime control policy. Sentencing policies, such as "three strikes" legislation are designed to incapacitate chronic offenders for long periods of time without hope of probation or parole. Why is this?
a. Longer sentences allow for extended treatment within correctional institutions.
b. Crime data indicate an increased number of chronic offenders in the population.
c. Research indicates chronic offenders will desist from committing future crimes if incarcerated for longer periods of time.
d. Most chronic offenders repeat their criminal acts after their correctional release.
Q:
One of the most important findings from cohort studies is the concept of persistence or the continuity of crime. Who is most likely to persist in a criminal career?
a. juveniles who committed a single serious offense at an early age
b. juveniles who started their delinquent careers early and who committed serious violent crime during adolescence
c. adolescents arrested between the ages of 15 and 17 who committed a single serious offense
d. adolescents, regardless of age, who served time in a juvenile detention facility
Q:
Which of the following sets of factors would not predict chronic offending?
a. parental supervision, average grades, average school attendance
b. skipping school, criminal family members, stealing pattern of behavior
c. poor grades, poor parental supervision, gang association
d. school suspensions, documented child abuse, runaway pattern of behavior
Q:
According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin's cohort study, what percentage of chronic offenders was responsible for a significant proportion of all serious crime?
a. 6%
b. 12%
c. 15%
d. 21%
Q:
Official crime data indicate that minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of criminal activity. Which of the following does not explain race-based differences in the crime rate?
a. Social control efforts of the police and courts
b. The history of racial discrimination in the US
c. Disparity in the social and economic structure of society
d. Individuals in the US without documentation
Q:
Which of the following statements is not a potential explanation for the marked increase in crimes committed by females?
a. Police willingness to arrest girls for minor crimes
b. Police are making more arrests for crimes which occur at school and in the home
c. Police are more likely to use their discretion to help females.
d. Police are attempting to be "gender neutral".
Q:
Institutional racism undermines faith in social and political institutions and weakens confidence in the justice system. According to _____________, as the percentage of African Americans in the population increases so too does the amount of social control that police direct at blacks.
a. police density theory
b. police threat theory
c. racial density theory
d. racial threat theory
Q:
Official arrest records indicate that African Americans are arrested at a higher rate than members of other racial groups. Self-report data:
a. exhibit the same finding
b. show no difference between arrest rates of African Americans and other racial groups
c. indicate no difference between arrest rates but only if considering female arrests
d. suggest arrest rate differences are an artifact of justice system bias
Q:
All but which of the following explanations might account for the variance between male and female crime rates?
a. Females are socialized to be less aggressive than males.
b. Females are more likely to than males to respond to anger with feelings of depression, anxiety, fear or shame.
c. Females are more likely than males to attempt to negotiate when faced with conflict.
d. Females are supervised less by their parents than males.
Q:
While the "emancipation of women" has had relatively little influence on female crime rates, there has been an increase in the number of females arrested. According to Steffensmeier's research, what might account for this increase?
a. demands of the women's movement to treat females equally
b. the greater willingness of police to arrest females
c. the dramatic increase in the number of women engaging in prostitution
d. a demographic bulge of females in the crime-prone age group
Q:
What theory or hypothesis focused attention on the social and economic role of women in society and its relationship to female crime rates?
a. gender theory
b. the masculinity hypothesis
c. the chivalry hypothesis
d. liberal feminist theory
Q:
According to the _________ hypothesis, the criminality of females is masked because of the generally benevolent and protective attitude toward women in our society.
a. masculinity
b. chivalry
c. feminist
d. proximity
Q:
Those unable to obtain desired goods and services through conventional means may consequently resort to theft and other illegal activities. These activities are known as:
a. instrumental crimes
b. expressive crimes
c. index crimes
d. strict-liability crimes
Q:
______________ are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage, frustration, and anger against society.
a. instrumental crimes
b. expressive crimes
c. index crimes
d. strict-liability crimes
Q:
How is age correlated with crime?
a. Age is not correlated with crime " anyone can commit crime.
b. Middle aged males, 30-45, commit the most crime.
c. Age is inversely related to crime " younger people commit more crime
d. Age is correlated with crime only if referring to males.
Q:
The relationship between class and crime is an important one for criminological theory. The weight of recent evidence seems to suggest that serious, official crime is more prevalent:
a. among the lower class
b. among the upper class
c. among the middle class
d. across both the middle and lower class
Q:
The highest crime rate is found in which regions of the country?
a. north and south
b. south and west
c. east and south
d. west and north
Q:
Crime rates may be higher:
a. on the first day of the month
b. on the fifteenth day of the month
c. at the end of the month
d. crime is consistent throughout the month
Q:
A crime, in general, is most likely to occur under which set of conditions?
a. on an August day with a temperature of 80 degrees
b. on a July day with a temperature of 98 degrees
c. on an April day with a temperature of 78 degrees
d. on a November day with a temperature of 67 degrees
Q:
The most recent research dispute the ____________ hypothesis and suggests the great bulk of youth crime is a solo act.
a. co-offending
b. age-crime
c. masculinity
d. chivalry
Q:
Self-report data supports the notion that ________________________ may account for the lower-class's overrepresentation in official statistics and the prison population.
a. people who engage in drug abuse, especially crack
b. those who have easy access to handguns
c. law enforcement practices
d. people who are immigrants
Q:
The phrase "the ecology of crime" refers to such factors as:
a. gender and age
b. social class and economics
c. race and ethnicity
d. season and climate
Q:
According to Zimring and Hawkins, what is the single most significant factor separating the crime problem in the United States from the rest of the developed world?
a. lack of social opportunities
b. handguns and associated lethal violence
c. poverty
d. illegal immigrants
Q:
When comparing self-report surveys to the UCR and NCVS,
a. there is less crime occurring than reported
b. the measures demonstrate a similar amount of crime occurring
c. the crime problem is greater than UCR and NCVS report
d. there is a reduction in self-reported crime, but an increase in reported crimes
Q:
What is known about the trend in property crime rates?
a. Like the violent crime rate, the property crime rate has increased slightly.
b. Like the violent crime rate, the property crime rate has decreased.
c. The violent crime rate and property crime rate have remained equally stable.
d. The violent crime rate has decreased while the property crime rate has increased.
Q:
According to the NCVS, reported victimizations have:
a. declined significantly during the past 30 years
b. increased significantly during the past 30 years
c. remained stable during the past 30 years
d. have fluctuated annually during the past 30 years
Q:
The "missing cases" phenomenon is a validity concern for which type of crime measurement?
a. quasi-experimental research
b. the UCR
c. self-report studies
d. meta-analysis
Q:
Validity issues impact the UCR. Which of the following represents a validity concern/s for this data collection method?
a. reporting practices
b. methodological problems
c. reporting practices and law enforcement practices
d. reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement practices
Q:
The UCR uses all but which of the following methods to express crime data?
a. number of crimes reported to the police and arrests made
b. crime rates per 100,000 people
c. changes in the number and rate of crime over time
d. number of crime cleared
Q:
Meta-analysis involves gathering data from:
a. the social environment
b. juveniles
c. a cohort
d. previous studies
Q:
Although differences between the UCR and the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction between the two has to do with:
a. The ability of the NCVS to identify crimes committed against those under the age of twelve
b. The ability of the UCR to identify the social dimension of fear
c. The ability of the UCR to measure unreported crime
d. The ability of the NCVS to measure unreported crime
Q:
Many times it is difficult to randomly select subjects or manipulate conditions of a study. When this occurs, criminologists must rely on what type of design?
a. quasi-experimental
b. retrospective cohort
c. cross-sectional
d. observational
Q:
If criminologists want to see the direct effect of one factor on another, they conduct:
a. experimental research
b. aggregate data research
c. cohort research
d. survey research
Q:
Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, over time, is termed:
a. sampling
b. cross-sectional research
c. meta-analysis
d. cohort research
Q:
What is a cohort?
a. a group of people who share a like characteristic
b. a group of people who have been identified as offenders
c. a group of people who have been identified as "aging out"
d. a group of people who share the same living environment
Q:
A research approach that asks participants to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed:
a. field observation
b. cross-sectional research
c. a self-report survey
d. meta-analysis
Q:
When researchers want a survey to focus on a particular group of people or to be representative of all members of society they conduct:
a. self-report research
b. cross-sectional research
c. aggregate data research
d. experimental research
Q:
Part I crimes are also referred to as ___ and include: murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and ___.
a. indices, embezzlement
b. indices, arson
c. index crimes, arson
d. index crimes, embezzlement
Q:
The best known and most important source of official crime data is:
a. the Uniform Crime Report
b. the National Crime Victimization Survey
c. the Annual Self-Report Survey
d. the Monitoring the Future Study
Q:
Criminologists conduct research to:
a. measure the nature and extent of criminal behavior
b. meet requirements set forth by state legislatures
c. gain recognition as criminologists
d. meet requirements set forth by the federal government
Q:
The ____________________ phenomenon indicates that those who begin their delinquent careers early and who commit serious violent crimes throughout adolescence are the most likely to persist in crime as adults.
Q:
Persistent offenders are referred to as __________ or __________.
Q:
As the percentage of minorities in the population increases, so too does the amount of social control that police direct at minority group members. This is known as the _______________________.
Q:
Female criminality is sometimes masked because criminal justice authorities who are reluctant to take action against a woman. This reluctance is known as the__________________.
Q:
The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men is known as the___________________. .
Q:
______________ is the process by which individuals reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age.
Q:
_______________ crimes result from rage, frustration, and anger.
Q:
The majority of murders involve firearms, and most of these weapons are __________.
Q:
Most reported crimes occur during _________________ months
Q:
Both violent and property crimes rates have _______in recent years.
Q:
___________ involves observing, over time, a group of people who share a like characteristic.
Q:
The Monitoring the Future study is a type of _____________ and is considered one of the national standards for measuring substance abuse and other crime trends among American teens.
Q:
The most important and widely used victim survey is the _______________.
Q:
____________ refers to the process of selecting for study a limited number of subjects who are representative of entire groups sharing similar characteristics.
Q:
The Federal Bureau of Investigation's _______________ is the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics.
Q:
What ethical issues should criminologists consider when conducting criminological research and why should these issues be considered?
Q:
Beginning with common law and concluding with contemporary law, explain how criminal law has evolved as society has evolved.
Q:
Describe the difference between a felony and misdemeanor and provide examples of each.
Q:
Discuss four different goals achieved through the implementation of criminal law.
Q:
Discuss the relationship between criminal law and the U.S. Constitution.
Q:
Identify the various categories of law and their purpose.
Q:
Define the consensus view of crime, the conflict view of crime, and the interactionist view of crime. Compare and contrast these three perspectives.
Q:
Identify and discuss three sub-areas of the criminological enterprise.
Q:
Criminology is related to the study of deviance. Explain how criminology, deviant behaviors and crime overlap.
Q:
Define and explain the difference between criminology and criminal justice.
Q:
Government and institutional funding have little influence on the direction and nature of criminological research.
Q:
All criminal law in the United States must conform to the rules and dictates of the U.S. Constitution
Q:
Criminal law constantly evolve to reflect social and economic conditions.
Q:
Those laws that set out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system are procedural criminal laws.
Q:
Mala in se crimes are those crimes that reflect existing social conditions and are enacted through legislation.
Q:
Common law originated in early England where royal judges would use local rules and custom to decide cases.
Q:
The interactionist perspective holds that the definition of crime evolves according to the moral standards of those in power.
Q:
The consensus view states that criminal laws are acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.
Q:
According to early victimologists, victim behavior is very rarely a key determinant of crime.
Q:
Theories are based on social facts that are observed and can be consistently quantified and measured.
Q:
The sub-area of the sociology of law is concerned with the role social forces play in shaping criminal law.