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Criminal Law
Q:
Who is most likely to be victimized? Identify four social and/or demographic characteristics this person would possess.
Q:
Identify and discuss the three characteristics Finkelhor and Asigian found that predict one's risk of repeat victimization.
Q:
Given the link between victimization and crime (the cycle of violence), discuss the various explanations for the association.
Q:
Discuss the individual costs and problems suffered by victims of crime.
Q:
Victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs) use mediators to facilitate face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers.
Q:
The Omnibus Victim Witness and Protection Act required the use of victim impact statements in federal cases.
Q:
According to deviant place theory, deviant places are defined as lightly populated, residential neighborhoods with a disproportionate number of young males.
Q:
One's risk of victimization can be reduced by staying home at night, moving to a rural area, and getting married.
Q:
According to the victim precipitation view, some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
Q:
Active victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages the attacker.
Q:
The majority of crimes occur among people of different races.
Q:
Individuals who have been crime victims maintain a significantly higher chance of future victimization than do people who have not been victims.
Q:
The NCVS indicates that rural, white homes in the Northeast are the most likely to contain crime victims or to be the target of theft offenses, such as burglary or larceny.
Q:
When referring to marital status and victimization, widows and widowers have the highest victimization risk.
Q:
The trend in the violent crime victimization rate has decreased, while it has increased for property crimes.
Q:
Males are more likely than females to be victims of violent crime.
Q:
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), about 21 million criminal victimizations occur each year.
Q:
Research shows that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent behavior if they were the target of physical abuse, exposed to violent behavior among adults they know or live with, or exposed to weapons.
Q:
Violent crime by juveniles alone costs the United States more than $160 billion each year
Q:
Sex offender registries were legislated as a result of:
a. the "castle doctrine"
b. victim impact statements
c. victim-offender reconciliation programs
d. the death of Megan Kanka
Q:
Which of the following rights in not generally contained within states' victims' rights legislation?
a. the right to be present at criminal justice proceedings
b. the right to be protected from media coverage
c. the right to be notified of proceedings and the status of the defendant
d. the right to make a statement at sentencing, and to receive restitution from a convicted offender
Q:
Research on block watches and neighborhood patrols has found that in communities that utilize them:
a. there has been a decrease in property and violent crimes
b. violent crime increased, but property crime decreased
c. there is no real affect on the crime rate
d. a decrease in crime occurs followed by an increase in the crime rate
Q:
The victim's ability to address the sentencing judge and tell of his or her experiences as a result of the victimization is known as a:
a. victim's compensation statement
b. victims' reconciliation statement
c. victims' restitution statement
d. victims' impact statement
Q:
Which of the following is a primary aim of victim-offender reconciliation programs?
a. restitution agreements
b. reconciliation between the two parties
c. recovery of stolen property
d. restitution agreements and reconciliation between the two parties
Q:
Which piece of legislation grants money to state compensation boards derived from fines and penalties imposed on federal offenders?
a. Omnibus Victim and Witness Protection Act
b. Victims of Crime Act
c. Justice for All
d. Victims' Bill of Rights
Q:
Which of the following is not typically covered by victim compensation programs?
a. replacement costs for stolen property
b. loss of wages
c. counseling expenses
d. medical expenses
Q:
A local program to help clients with applying for compensation, transportation, crisis intervention, and other needs caused by a crime is known as:
a. social services
b. a victim-witness assistance program
c. a crime crisis center
d. a guardian ad litem program
Q:
The rights of victims and funding for victim compensation were recognized under which presidential administration?
a. Carter
b. Reagan
c. Clinton
d. Bush
Q:
Routine activities theory and the lifestyle approach have a number of similarities, and both predict that people increase their victimization risk. Which factors does not increase one's victimization risk?
a. live in high-crime areas
b. carry valuables
c. engage in risky behaviors, such as drink and use drugs
d. live in areas with a large number of immigrants
Q:
Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates __________ between 1960-1980 because the
number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.
a. decreased
b. skyrocketed
c. remained stable
d. increased
Q:
Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such places are termed:
a. hot targets
b. hot spots
c. suitable targets
d. chronic spots
Q:
According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily salable objects such as laptop computers, stereos, and television sets would be classified as:
a. hot targets
b. hot spots
c. suitable targets
d. chronic spots
Q:
In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed teenagers would be an example of:
a. suitable targets
b. motivated offenders
c. capable guardians
d. protective sentinels
Q:
In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an example of:
a. suitable targets
b. motivated offenders
c. capable guardians
d. protective sentinels
Q:
The fact that some people's activities and behaviors increase their risk of victimization by increasing their potential to become "opportunities" for criminal offenders is the basis of what theory?
a. victim precipitation theory
b. lifestyle theory
c. routine activities theory
d. deviant place theory
Q:
Deviant places are defined as being inclusive of all but which of the following factors?
a. poor neighborhoods
b. densely populated neighborhoods
c. highly transient neighborhoods
d. interracial neighborhoods
Q:
Research on the risk of sexual assault on college campuses found
a. College females are at a decreased risk of sexual victimization than women in the general population
b. College females are at an increased risk of sexual victimization than women in the general population
c. The use of alcohol and drugs did not impact the risk of victimization for females
d. Offenders were primarily strangers who accessed the students' living quarters on campus
Q:
Which of the following is least likely to be a characteristic of a high-risk lifestyle?
a. participating in sports
b. using drugs and alcohol
c. being a college student
d. involvement in crime
Q:
According to Jacques and Wright's research on criminal careers, for which criminal offender does becoming a crime victim sets the stage for their breaking away from their chosen profession and transitioning into a new life course.
a. car thief
b. gang member
c. burglar
d. drug dealer
Q:
Not being able to find a job, Jane Smith becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits her unemployment office each month. On Jane's most recent visit, she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment representative. Continuing her abusive tirade, Jane stood up and leaned over the representative's desk. In fear and frustration, the unemployment representative hit Jane with a stapler that was on the desk. Jane's victimization in this case might be termed:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
Q:
When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker it is known as:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
Q:
When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
Q:
Some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death. This is termed:
a. lifestyle theory
b. high-risk lifestyle
c. deviant place theory
d. victim precipitation theory
Q:
Which ethnic group reports the highest rate of violent victimization?
a. Blacks
b. Whites
c. Hispanics
d. Asians
Q:
Which age group experiences the most violent crime?
a. those 65 years and older
b. those 35-49 year old
c. those 25-35 year old
d. those 12-24 year old
Q:
Why are the elderly especially susceptible to fraud schemes?
a. The elderly are not especially susceptible; teens and young adults are as likely to fall victim to fraud schemes.
b. Because the elderly generally live alone, are lonely, and possess financial resources that make them attractive targets.
c. Because the elderly often suffer from dementia and other forms of diminished mental capacity that make them attractive targets.
d. The elderly are not especially susceptible to fraud schemes because relatives or legal guardians typically control their finances.
Q:
Each year, 2.5 million times, victims use guns for defensive purposes. What did Kleck's research indicate regarding the use of guns for defensive purposes?
a. Defensive gun use is associated with higher rates of victim injuries.
b. Defensive gun use rarely results in collateral injury and that potential victims should be encouraged to fight back.
c. Defensive gun use is associated with crime hot spots.
d. Defensive gun use is associated with personal violent crime more than property crime.
Q:
What is known regarding repeat victimization/chronic victimization?
a. Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous crime has been committed.
b. Repeat victimizations are rare because victims tend to take defensive action once victimized.
c. Chronic victimization refers to people, not to property or locations.
d. Prior victimization has little, if any, impact on an individual's likelihood of becoming re-victimized.
Q:
Which of the following does not increase the potential for victimization?
a. A drunk college student walking back to his or her dorm or apartment.
b. A male wearing a jacket as he returns to his office
c. A female listening to her iPod while walking
d. An individual who gets into an argument with another person
Q:
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which type of household would be least likely to contain crime victims or be the target of burglary or larceny?
a. rural, African American-owned homes in the West
b. urban, white-owned homes in the Southeast
c. suburban, African American-owned homes in the Northeast
d. rural, white-owned homes in the Northeast
Q:
Which of the following is not among the characteristics that increase the potential for victimization?
a. target vulnerabiity
b. target gratifiability
c. target ecology
d. target antagonism
Q:
Referring to victims and their criminals, victims report that substance abuse is a factor in how many violent crime incidents?
a. one-quarter
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
Q:
Referring to the relationship between marital status and victimization, who is least likely to become a crime victim?
a. someone who is married
b. someone who has never married
c. someone who is divorced
d. someone who is a widow or widower
Q:
What percentage of students report that at least one violent crime, theft or other crime occurred at their school?
a. 26%
b. 48%
c. 64%
d. 86%
Q:
The abuse-crime phenomenon known as the cycle of violence impacts:
a. boys more than girls
b. girls more than boys
c. girls and boys equally
d. girls and boys equally but only if they experienced abuse prior to the age of ten
Q:
What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?
a. The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months.
b. Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the time the child reaches adulthood.
c. The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may be long-term, lasting long after the incident is over and the justice process has been forgotten.
d. Children are resilient and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of victimization, is short-term.
Q:
Victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. What is known about the long-term stress suffered by victims?
a. Any stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time the child reaches adolescence.
b. Younger victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than adult victims.
c. Childhood trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations.
d. Unlike spouse abuse, child abuse rarely leads to despair, depression, and homelessness.
Q:
When factoring in costs associated with the justice system and treatment, the total loss due to crime amounts to _____________.
a. $30 billion dollars
b. $128 billion dollars
c. $$160 billion dollars
d. $450 billion dollars
Q:
Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:
a. victimologists
b. sociologists
c. psychologists
d. behaviorists
Q:
What factors influence the gender differences in the crime rate?
Q:
Discuss the age-crime connection. Who, in general, is most likely to commit a crime? When would they commit it? Why?
Q:
Discuss the diverging views between crime and the economy
Q:
Discuss what is meant by the phrase "the ecology of crime." Explain how crime rates are impacted by each factor.
Q:
Identify and discuss five various factors that explain crime trends.
Q:
Discuss the overall crime trend for violent and property crimes in the United States according to the UCR and NCVS. What, if any, difference is there between the UCR, NCVS and self report findings with regard to the overall crime problem.
Q:
Discuss the use of experiments in criminology/criminal justice research. What are the elements of a true experiment? How do criminologists overcome missing elements? What is the feasbility of experimental research in the field?
Q:
What is self-report data? Discuss the use and accuracy of self-report data.
Q:
Describe how the National Crime Victimization Survey is compiled and the validity concerns associated with this method of measuring crime.
Q:
Describe how the Uniform Crime Report is compiled and the validity concerns associated with this method of measuring crime.
Q:
Official crime data indicate that minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of serious criminal activity.
Q:
In the 1970s, liberal feminist theory focused attention on the social and economic role of women in society and its relationship to female crime rates.
Q:
Most criminologists agree that crime peaks when a person reaches middle-age and declines rapidly thereafter.
Q:
The true relationship between class and crime is difficult to determine because economic conditions and social opportunities may obscure effects.
Q:
Instrumental crimes are committed by those who are unable to obtain desired goods and services through conventional means.
Q:
Most reported crimes occur during the warm summer months of July and August.
Q:
Among the factors that influence crime trends are the availability of legalized abortion, firearms, and quality health care.
Q:
Monitoring the Future (MTF) data indicate that the number of people who break the law is far greater than the number projected by official statistics.
Q:
The "missing cases phenomenon" is a validity concern present within the Uniform Crime Report.
Q:
Violent crimes are more likely to be solved than property crimes because police devote more resources to these more serious acts.
Q:
The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.