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Q:
Biosocial theory contends that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.
Q:
Trait theories can be divided into two major sub-divisions: one that stresses psychological functioning and the other that stresses biological make-up.
Q:
Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature.
Q:
The work of Cesare Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical curiosity, not scientific fact.
Q:
______________ argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, and is linked to criminal behavior.
a. nature theory
b. nurture theory
c. cognitive theory
d. neurophysiological
Q:
Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of criminal behavior through its effect on:
a. socio-economic status
b. job skills and employment
c. school performance
d. parenting skills
Q:
A frequently administered personality test which has been used to distinguish deviants from nondeviant groups is the:
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
b. Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
c. California Personality Inventory
d. Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
Q:
One of the most widely used psychological tests that is designed to measure many different personality traits, including psychopathic deviation, schizophrenia, and hypomania is known as the:
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
b. Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
c. California Personality Inventory
d. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Q:
___________________ is defined as a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.
a. anti-social personality
b. extreme extroversion
c. latent introversion
d. inferiority complex
Q:
Therapeutic interventions designed to make people better problem solvers do not involve which measure?
a. teaching empathy
b. modeling prosocial behavior
c. enhancing coping skills
d. improving relationships with deviant peers
Q:
According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory, what is wrong with criminals?
a. low levels of moral reasoning development
b. over-developed Ids
c. over-stimulation of mental capacities
d. limited control over external factors
Q:
Social learning theorists contribute all but which of the following factors to violent and/or aggressive behavior?
a. learned aggressive skills
b. the belief that aggression is justified and appropriate
c. the belief that aggression is rewarded
d. consistent relationship between painful attacks and aggressive responses
Q:
Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. Which of these is not a source of this behavior modeling process?
a. family interaction
b. religious affiliation
c. environmental experiences
d. mass media
Q:
People alter what they do based on learned responses from rewards and punishments is the premise of what group of theories?
a. neurophysiological
b. psychodynamic
c. behavioral
d. personality
Q:
The connection between crime and mental illness is evident given all but which of the following statements?
a. Female offenders seem to have more serious mental health symptoms.
b. Juvenile murderers have been described as "overtly hostile," "explosive or volatile," and "depressed."
c. Substance abuse among the mentally ill is significantly lower than that of the general population.
d. The diagnosed mentally ill appear in arrest and court statistics at a rate disproportionate to their presence in the population.
Q:
Conduct disorder is considered a more serious group of behaviors than oppositional defiant disorder. What statement is false regarding the causes of conduct disorder?a. interconnections between the frontal lobes and other brain regionsb. levels of serotonin in the brainc. genetic factorsd. an imbalance between the id, ego and superego.
Q:
Which theory states that the emotional bond at birth has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span?
a. psychodynamic theory
b. evolutionary theory
c. attachment theory
d. behavioral theory
Q:
The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate for them with a drive for superiority is:
a. inferiority complex
b. power-control complex
c. ego complex
d. neuroticism
Q:
The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated person dominated by events that occurred:
a. during one's adolescent years
b. during the process of socialization
c. during the phallic stage
d. during early childhood
Q:
_______________ is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification, to consider their own needs more important than others, and to satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong.
a. Deferred delinquency
b. Emergent delinquency
c. Latent delinquency
d. Delayed delinquency
Q:
According to Freud, the superego is the ________ aspect of one's personality.a. moralb. realityc. pleasured. guilt
Q:
The premise that traits and characteristics have become ingrained and some of these traits make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime is part of which theory?
a. neurophysiological theory
b. psychodynamic theory
c. evolutionary theory
d. personality theory
Q:
Some researches feel it is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect evidenced in twin research is actually the effect of sibling influence pertaining to criminality and referred to as the:a. twin effectb. contagion effectc. proximity effectd. immediacy effect
Q:
Which finding is false with regard to the studies of MZ and DZ twins?
a. There is a significantly higher risk for suicidal behavior among MZ twin pairs than DZ twin pairs.
b. MZ twin pairs who suffer child abuse are more likely to engage in antisocial activity more often than DZ twin pairs.
c. If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, the other was not and the effect was seen in both types or twins.
d. MZ twins are closer than DZ twins in such crime relevant measures as level of aggression and verbal skills.
Q:
The notion that some individuals may engage in crime due to the attraction of
"getting away with it" is known as:
a. risk theory
b. arousal theory
c. thrill-seeking theory
d. conduct disorder
Q:
A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and an excess of impulsivity is known as:
a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
b. oppositional defiance disorder
c. impulse dysfunctional disorder
d. conduct disorder
Q:
What statement is false with regard to ADHD?
a. ADHD is associated with bullying and lack of response to discipline.
b. Causes of ADHD include neurological damage and chemical imbalance.
c. ADHD has been linked to the desistance of a delinquent career.
d. Treatment for ADHD is not always effective.
Q:
Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:
a. personality disorder
b. minimal brain dysfunction
c. hormonal imbalance
d. neurotransmitter disorder
Q:
With regard to lead and its association to aggressive behaviors, what statement is false?
a. Areas with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of homicide
b. Neurological conditions, such as hyperactivity, occur even with limited exposure to lead
c. Lead poisoning was one of the most significant predictors of female delinquency
d. Lead exposure at a young age increased the likelihood of engaging in offending in late adolescence and early 20s.
Q:
__________ cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas _________ affect the nervous system. Both are linked to mental, emotional, and behavioral problems.
a. Endo-allergies; neuroallergies
b. Neuroallergies; cerebral allergies
c. Cerebral allergies; neuroallergies
d. Neuroallergies; endo-allergies
Q:
The condition at the onset of the menstrual cycle that triggers excessive amounts of hormones affecting antisocial, aggressive behavior is known as:
a. premenstrual syndrome
b. paranoia
c. postpartum depression
d. bipolar disorder
Q:
Abnormal levels of these male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked to brain seizures and emotional volatility.
a. androgens
b. glycogens
c. endorphins
d. endogens
Q:
Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?
a. High lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive behavior.
b. Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also reported the highest levels of homicide.
c. Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been linked to antisocial behaviors.
d. The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.
Q:
High bone concentrations of this mineral/metal are associated with delinquency.
a. iron
b. lead
c. copper
d. zinc
Q:
A condition that occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for
normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:
a. glycemic disorder
b. hypoglycemia
c. glycogen deficiency
d. glucose intolerance
Q:
Which of the following biochemical factors has not been linked to criminality?
a. Use of alcohol
b. Increased exposure to metals and chemicals
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Hormones
Q:
The belief that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve is known as:
a. latent potential
b. equipotentiality
c. shared potential
d. biopotentiality
Q:
The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as:
a. choice theory
b. biophobia
c. nature theory
d. nurture theory
Q:
Biocriminologists believe human behavior is not produced by which of the following?
a. physical conditions
b. environmental conditions
c. social conditions
d. psychological conditions
Q:
Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect:
a. how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood
b. how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception
c. how social behaviors are learned and perceived
d. how social behaviors are transmitted
Q:
The study of the activities of several generations of families believed to have an
especially large number of criminal members is the:
a. Chicago school
b. nurture school
c. inheritance school
d. classical school
Q:
According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct
physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?
a. endomorph
b. mesomorph
c. ectomorph
d. mendomorph
Q:
The theorist associated with the "born criminal" and biological determinism is?
a. Lombroso
b. Beccaria
c. Sheldon
d. Ferri
Q:
There are two theories regarding the association between intelligence and crime. ____________ theoryargues that intelligence is not inherited and that parents with a low-IQ do not necessarily produce low-IQ children
Q:
_______________focuses on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.
Q:
Social learning theorists view violence as something learned through a process called ____________________.
Q:
The major premise of ___________________ is that people alter their behavior according to the reactions it receives from others, and includes social learning theory.
Q:
________________________suggests that criminal offenders are aggressive, frustrated persons dominated by events experienced early in childhood. Their egos may be damaged or their superegos underdeveloped.
Q:
According to________________, over the history of the human species, aggressive males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.
Q:
According to ________________________, some people seek out risky situations and become more involved with criminal behavior as an avenue toward thrill-seeking due to a variety of genetic and environmental reasons.
Q:
Many ADHD children also suffer from ____________________ and continually engage in aggressive and anti-social behavior in early childhood.
Q:
The study of brain activity is termed _____________. Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior throughout the life span.
Q:
The ________ controls sympathetic feelings toward others and are affected by androgens, which can result in emotional volatility.
Q:
________ changes may be able to explain gender differences in the crime rate and regional and temporal differences in the crime rate.
Q:
____________ is a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.
Q:
____________ differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned and perceived.
Q:
Advocates of the ___________ traced generations of crime-prone families and posited that criminal tendencies were based on genetics.
Q:
The body build or _________________ school developed by William Sheldon held that criminals manifest distinct physiques that make them susceptible to particular types of antisocial behavior.
Q:
How have rational choice theory and Von Hirsch's concept of just desert impacted public policy?
Q:
Discuss three reasons why incarceration as a crime control strategy may not be effective.
Q:
Despite efforts to punish criminals and make them fear crime, there is little evidence that the fear of apprehension and punishment alone can reduce crime rates. How can this discrepancy be explained?
Q:
Discuss the costs and benefits of situational crime control efforts.
Q:
What is the tipping point? Why does has it yet to be reached - thus allowing crime to persist?
Q:
What factors in the justice system undermine the impact the effectiveness of deterrence theory?
Q:
Discuss the concept of situational crime prevention and its elements to explain how crime can be prevented or eliminated.
Q:
Some argue that violence is a matter of choice and it is a rational process that serves a purpose. What are the goals of violence?
Q:
Describe how criminals structure crime.
Q:
Differentiate between offense-specific crimes and offender-specific crimes. Incorporate examples of each in your discussion.
Q:
Discuss the origin of rational choice theory and its basic assumptions.
Q:
Placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should lessen their lifetime opportunity to commit crime.
Q:
The Minneapolis domestic violence study showed that arresting offenders was an ineffective means of reducing recidivism.
Q:
Discouragement occurs when crime reduction programs may boomerang and increase rather than decrease the potentiality for crime.
Q:
Informal sanctions are less effective at reducing crime than fear of formal legal punishment.
Q:
Edgework is the exhilarating, momentary integration of danger, risk, and skill that motivates people to try a variety of dangerous criminal and non-criminal behavior.
Q:
Most burglars prefer to commit crime in neighborhoods with a limited number of access streets to ensure a decrease in traffic.
Q:
Personal factors such as economic opportunity, learning and experience, and knowledge of criminal techniques condition people to choose crime.
Q:
Clearly indicating a rational thought process, people will forego crime if they risk losing the respect of their peers and/or damaging their reputations
Q:
If a crime is offense-specific, offenders have weighed their abilities, resources, needs, and levels of fear.
Q:
The seductions of crime increase the likelihood of engaging in crime due to neither fearing legal punishment nor losing respect of peers.
Q:
The writings of Beccaria influenced the U.S. Constitution and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man.