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Criminal Law
Q:
Poor school achievement and limited educational aspirations have been associated with delinquent behavior.
Q:
Children living with a stepparent exhibit less problems as youth in single-parent families and considerably more problems than those who are living with both biological parents.
Q:
Social process theories view criminality as a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society. Thus, improper socialization is a key component of crime.
Q:
Diversion programs are a policy implication of what social process theory?
a. differential association
b. social control
c. labeling
d. differential reinforcement
Q:
This occurs when norm violations or crimes have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten:
a. anomie
b. primary deviance
c. secondary deviance
d. stigma
Q:
A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders. This is known as:
a. differential reinforcement
b. differential enforcement
c. differential association
d. differential control
Q:
According to social reaction theory, labels are believed to produce:
a. stigma
b. primary deviance
c. secondary deviance
d. anomie
Q:
Labeling theorists use a/an _______ definition of crime.
a. legal
b. perceived
c. interactionist
d. consensus
Q:
One consequence of labeling is the concept of _____________, which brings about a reassessment of one's self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgments made by others, such as parents.
a. reflected assessments
b. reflected appraisals
c. reflected reactions
d. reflected associations
Q:
People become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. This is part of the:
a. social reinforcement theory
b. social learning theory
c. social control theory
d. social reaction theory
Q:
Communication via symbols which represent something else is known as:
a. symbolic interaction
b. labeling theory
c. subterranean behavior
d. dramatization of evil
Q:
What statement is false as a critique of social control theory?
a. Adolescents who report high levels of involvement, which should reduce delinquency, actually report high levels of criminal behavior.
b. Attachment to deviant peers decreases the likelihood of criminality.
c. Social control theory is better able to explain minor delinquency than more serious criminal acts.
d. Delinquent youths' friendship patterns seem quite close to those of conventional youth.
Q:
Important findings of social control theory include all but which of the following?
a. Youths who were strongly attached to their parents were less likely to commit criminal acts.
b. Delinquents and nondelinquents did not share similar beliefs about society.
c. Youths involved in unconventional behavior, such as smoking and drinking, were more delinquency prone.
d. Youths who maintained weak and distant relationships with people tended toward delinquency.
Q:
Which is not an element of the social bond?
a. achievement
b. attachment
c. commitment
d. involvement
Q:
The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society is:
a. social learning theory
b. differential association theory
c. differential reinforcement theory
d. social bond theory
Q:
In his _________________, pioneering control theorist Walter Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of crimogenic influences in the environment.
a. containment theory
b. normative group theory
c. social bond theory
d. social reaction theory
Q:
The critique that the origin of criminal definitions is not accounted for is applicable to what theory group?
a. control theories
b. learning theories
c. labeling theories
d. structural theories
Q:
Novice criminals often argue that they are caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their own peer group while at the same time attempting to abide by the rules of the larger society. This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. appeal to higher loyalties
c. condemnation of the condemners
d. denial of victim
Q:
Sykes and Matza base their neutralization theory on a variety of observations about criminals. Among these observations is that:
a. criminals hope to plea bargain based upon dispelling their responsibility for their offenses
b. criminals view all victims as equal prey for their offenses
c. criminals sometimes voice a sense of guilt over their illegal acts
d. criminals show respect for their "street smart" peers
Q:
When a crime is directed at certain persons because they are disliked or engage in behavior some people may find offensive, the offenders sometimes neutralizes their wrongdoing by maintaining that it was deserved. This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of injury
c. denial of victim
d. condemnation of the condemners
Q:
By denying the wrongfulness of an act, criminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior. This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of victim
c. condemnation of the condemners
d. denial of injury
Q:
When young offenders claim their unlawful acts were beyond their control, it's known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of injury
c. denial of victim
d. condemnation of the condemners
Q:
The view that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents master skills that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior is known as:
a. social reaction theory
b. differential association theory
c. differential reinforcement theory
d. neutralization theory
Q:
The morally tinged influences, which have become entrenched in the culture but that are publicly condemned are known as:
a. techniques of neutralization
b. symbolic interactions
c. subterranean behaviors
d. dramatizations of evil
Q:
According to Matza, ________ refers to the process of moving from one extreme of behavior to another. Further, this helps to explain why a youth's behavior may be law abiding sometimes and deviant at other times.
a. anomie
b. drift
c. strain
d. dramatization
Q:
According to differential reinforcement theory what determines whether deviant or criminal behavior persists?
a. the degree that living conditions influence behavior
b. the degree that offenders are able to neutralize their behaviors
c. the degree it has been rewarded or punished
d. the degree that conventional ties to society are broken or weakened
Q:
The view, according to Akers, that both deviant and conventional behaviors are learned is called:
a. differential association theory
b. labeling theory
c. social reaction theory
d. differential reinforcement theory
Q:
When behavior is punished, this is referred to as:
a. direct conditioning
b. reconditioning
c. labeling
d. negative reinforcement
Q:
The importance and prestige attributed to individuals or groups from whom the definitions are learned is the _________ element of an association.
a. priority
b. duration
c. intensity
d. frequency
Q:
Differential association has a number of important findings. What finding is false?
a. Crime appears to be intergenerational
b. The more deviant one's social network and network of affiliations, the more likely one will engage in antisocial behavior.
c. The influence of deviant friends is not supportive of delinquency.
d. Differential association is multi-cultural.
Q:
Differential associations may vary in all but which of the following ways?
a. frequency
b. duration
c. priority
d. motivation
Q:
When friends or parents demonstrate their disapproval of crime it is known as:
a. aging-out and desistance occur
b. disassociations occur
c. anomie occurs
d. definitions unfavorable toward criminality occur
Q:
The principle that criminal techniques are learned is part of:
a. labeling theory
b. differential reinforcement theory
c. social reaction theory
d. differential association theory
Q:
Referring to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other behavior?
a. Learning criminal behavior is more of a peer group exercise.
b. Learning criminal behavior is a matter of imitation.
c. Learning criminal behavior is greater in frequency, intensity, priority, and duration.
d. There is no difference between learning criminal behavior and non-criminal behavior.
Q:
Whose name do we associate with the prominent social learning theory of differential association?
a. Matza
b. Sykes
c. Burgess
d. Sutherland
Q:
Differential association theory suggests that crime is a/an ______ behavior
a. learned
b. chronic
c. group
d. isolated
Q:
Which of the following has been linked to decreasing crime?
a. family and friends who hold criminal beliefs
b. single-parent households
c. holding religious beliefs
d. lack of educational motivation
Q:
Research indicates that school dropouts, especially those who have been expelled, face a significant chance of entering a criminal career. According to the Urban Institute, what percentage of American students manage to graduate?a. 31 percentb. 46 percentc. 63 percentd. 71 percent
Q:
Schools contribute to criminality when they:
a. track students to identify academic potential
b. fail to offer diverse curriculums
c. are located in inner-city areas
d. hire substandard teachers
Q:
___________________ occurs when parents have excellent parenting skills, are supportive and can effectively control their children in a noncoercive fashion resulting in a reduction in antisocial behavior.
a. Parental control
b. Parental efficacy
c. Social control
d. Differential reinforcement
Q:
Youth who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension, and where there is a lack of familial love and support, are susceptible to:
a. depression
b. delinquency
c. poverty
d. dropping out
Q:
The view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society is referred to as:
a. social structure theory
b. social process theory
c. social conflict theory
d. development theory
Q:
The interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society is known as:
a. stigmatization
b. socialization
c. drift
d. amplification
Q:
_______________ have focused on the family and have played a key role in putting into operation programs designed to strengthen the bond between parent and child.
Q:
________________________ refers to judicial practices in some jurisdictions whereby harsher sentences are imposed on African Americans for certain offenses.
Q:
___________________ occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label.
Q:
_____________________ is process in which the past of the labeled person is reviewed and reevaluated to fit his or her current status.
Q:
When parents, friends, teachers, and law enforcement officials amplify negative labels via stigmatization a person may begin to re-evaluate their identity. This process is referred to as the ___________________..
Q:
According to social bond theory, a person's sensitivity to and interest in others is termed ___________. Without this element of social bond, psychologists believe a person becomes a psychopath and loses the ability to relate coherently to the world.
Q:
People who believe that criminal activity will damage their self-image and their relationships with others have a commitment to ___________________.
Q:
____________________________ are the morally tinged influences which have become entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned.
Q:
According to Sykes and Matza, _____________________ are used by delinquent youth to neutralize moral constraints so they may drift into criminal acts.
Q:
Sutherland believed criminality to be a function of a ______________ process that could affect any individual in any culture.
Q:
_____________________ offers the principle that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance conventional value and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior.
Q:
According to Akers and Burgess, _____________________ occurs when deviant and conventional behaviors are learned and reinforced by direct conditioning.
Q:
Males are more likely to socialize with deviant peers than are females and they are more likely to be deeply influenced by these deviant peers. This finding explains how ____________________ may explain the gender difference in the crime rate.
Q:
When parents provide the structure that integrates children into families and can effectively control their children in a noncoercive fashion, it is called __________________.
Q:
Social process theories hold that criminality is a function of individual ______________.
Q:
_____________________ is the result of working and middle-class families leaving the inner-city and taking with them their financial and institutional resources and support, thus isolating the poor in inner-city, deteriorated ghettos
a. culture conflict
b. gentrification
c. concentrated poverty
d. collective efficacy
Q:
The social disorganization concepts of Shaw and McKay were developed over 75 years ago. Which of their findings are still applicable today?
a. Crime rates are sensitive to the destructive social forces operating in lower-class urban neighborhoods.
b. Crime is a constant feature in poverty areas regardless of racial and/or ethnic makeup.
c. Neighborhood disintegration and the corresponding erosion of social control are the primary causes of criminal behavior.
d. Environmental factors are limited in their explanatory power, as such individual factors, such as personal inferiority, are much more informative.
Q:
According to Shaw and McKay's statistical analysis, in which concentric zones were the highest rates of crime found?a. zones I & IIb. zones II & IIIc. zones III & IVd. zones IV & V
Q:
Poverty-ridden neighborhoods which suffer high rates of population turnover and are incapable of inducing residents to remain are known as:
a. concentric neighborhoods
b. gated neighborhoods
c. transitional neighborhoods
d. at-risk neighborhoods
Q:
Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists:
a. Martin and Gordon
b. Winfree and Mays
c. Sutherland and Durkeim
d. McKay and Shaw
Q:
Social disorganization theory focuses on which of the following conditions in the urban environment?
a. age and ethnic differences
b. inadequate social control and deteriorated housing
c. frustration and stress levels
d. unequal distribution of wealth and power
Q:
Those who occupy the lowest levels of the underclass in which they are socially isolated, live in urban inner cities, and are the victims of discrimination are known as:
a. the truly poor
b. the truly disadvantaged
c. the truly at-risk
d. the truly differentiated
Q:
A socially disorganized area is one in which the ________________ have broken down and can no longer carry out their expected or stated functions.
a. institutions of social control
b. institutions of social service
c. institutions of local government
d. institutions of education and religion
Q:
______________ suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas are the key determinant of criminal behavior patterns.
a. Social process theories
b. Social structure theories
c. Social control theories
d. Social conflict theories
Q:
In 1966, Oscar Lewis argued that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produce ______________, which is/are passed from one generation to the next.
a. culture conflict
b. a culture of poverty
c. differential opportunity
d. negative affective states
Q:
Race based economic disparity can take a terrific toll. Among research findings regarding the plight of minorities, which of the following statements is false?
a. If they do commit crime, minority youth are more likely to be officially processed to the juvenile court than Caucasian youths.
b. More than 50% of black males in inner cities dropout of high school.
c. One in 30 black males between the ages of 20-24 is behind bars.
d. One in 100 black women in their mid- to late-30s is incarcerated.
Q:
Poverty during early childhood may have a more severe impact on behavior than poverty during adolescence or adulthood. What percent of American children live in poverty?
a. 5%
b. 19%
c. 24%
d. 36%
Q:
The wealth concentration effect in a worldwide phenomenon. In the United States, the top one tenth of one percent of households averages about ____________ annually.
a. $1.6 million
b. $2 million
c. $3.7 million
d. $ 5 million
Q:
What are the three branches of social structure theory?
a. social learning theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory
b. cultural deviance theory, deprivation theory, strain theory
c. cultural deviance theory, anomie theory, deprivation theory
d. social disorganization theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory
Q:
People in the United States live in what type of society?
a. unified
b. integrated
c. incomporated
d. stratified
Q:
Cohen labeled standards set by authority figures such as teachers, employers or supervisors as ___________________.
Q:
______________ occurs when the rules expressed in the criminal law clash with the demands of group conduct norms.
Q:
______________ are the unique value system that dominates life among the lower class.
Q:
The rules governing day-to-day living conditions within a culture, group, or political structure are termed _______________.
Q:
The anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of negative and destructive social relationships are known as
Q:
According to Robert Agnew, ______________states that individuals who feel stress and strain are more likely to commit crimes
Q:
According to Durkheim, ________ is a state of normlessness during periods of rapid social change or social crisis that undermines society's social control function.