Q&A Hero

Q: Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression.

Q: Smeulers and Haveman believe war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and other human rights violations merit more attention and have labeled the specialization supranational criminology.

Q: Marx claimed that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production.

Q: Left realists take the view that the poor are doubly abused by __________ and ____________. a. the ruling class; their own class b. the capitalist system; criminals c. the capitalist system; their own class d. the ruling class; criminals

Q: A number of concerns have been waged against restorative justice. What statement is false? a. Viewed as a social movement rather than a method of rehabilitation b. Cultural and social differences that may be effective in one subculture may be considered insulting and damaging. c. The benefits only work in the long-term and ignore the short-term needs of the victim and offender. d. Must balance the needs of offenders with those of their victims

Q: Restorative processes generally include all but which of the following basic elements? a. asking the offender to accept responsibility b. a determination of community support and assistance for the victim only c. turning the justice system into a healing process d. a commitment to both restitution and an apology.

Q: Braithwaite's view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame. What is known about shame? a. Symbolic shaming is more effective that actual shame. b. Sentencing circles rely heavily on shaming the offender. c. As a specific deterrent stigmatization is doomed to failure. d. Branding offenders is an effective policy.

Q: Reintegrative shaming encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience shame because of the harm they caused, and then be re-included in society. Which theorist advanced this? a. George Vold b. Karl Marx c. John Braithwaite d. John Hagan

Q: One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing: a. the degree of stigma with the degree of reintegration b. the rehabilitation of the offender with the offender's symbolic punishment c. the concept of justice with the concept of deterrence d. the needs of offenders with those of their victims

Q: Sentencing circles emerged from ________ culture; they require people accused of breaking the law to meet with community members, victims, village elders, and agents of the justice system.a. Japaneseb. Native Americanc. Chinesed. African American

Q: Rather than punishment and prison, peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as: a. mediation and conflict resolution b. counseling and probation c. stigmatization and deterrence d. fines and detention

Q: Which theory draws its inspiration from Quakerism and Zen? a. peacemaking b. left realism c. postmodernism d. globalization

Q: Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research? a. Middle-class girls in egalitarian households are the most likely to violate the law. b. Females in paternalistic households are more likely to experience stigma and shame than their brothers. c. Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than their brothers. d. Females in egalitarian households are more likely to have the same expectations of career success as heir brothers.

Q: The concept that capitalists control the labor of workers while men control women both economically and biologically is referred to as _________ and explains why females in a capitalist society commit fewer crimes than males. a. power-control b. double marginality c. economic realism d. marginalization

Q: In his Masculinities and Crime, what did Messerschmidt call men's struggle to dominate women in order to prove their manliness? a. "doing domination" b. "doing machismo" c. "doing tough" d. "doing gender"

Q: In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and the workplace? a. matriarchal b. patriarchal c. paternalistic d. egalitarian

Q: Which of the following is the best example of a role exit behavior? a. running away from home b. hanging out with deviant peers c. living in an egalitarian family d. shoplifting on a regular basis

Q: Consider the relationship between patriarchy, powerlessness and crime. When lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure, they try to build their self-image through acts of machismo; such acts may involve: a. self-mutilation b. violent abuse of women c. drug use d. the use of weapons

Q: The system of _________ in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs sustains female oppression at home and in the workplace. a. equiarchy b. oligarchy c. matriarchy d. patriarchy

Q: __________________ is an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessary. a. Preemptive deterrence b. General deterrence c. Specific deterrence d. Integrative deterrence

Q: The branch of conflict theory that focuses upon the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and that believes street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class is known as: a. power-control theory b. peacemaking theory c. critical realism d. left realism

Q: Mainstream criminologists have criticized critical criminology claiming:a)Critical criminology is "hot air, heat, but no real light."b)Critical criminology simply rehashes the old tradition of helping the underdog.c)Critical criminology refuses to address the problems and conflicts that exist in socialist countries.d)Critical criminology acknowledges the capitalist system's efforts to regulate itself.

Q: Scholars of critical criminology are more likely to examine ___ trends and patterns rather than perform surveys and analyze data.a)national economicb)profitc)historicald)stock market

Q: Critical criminologists rarely use standard social science methodologies to test their views because: a. these traditional approaches are antihuman and insensitive b. these traditional approaches rely only upon quantitative data c. these traditional approaches are not accepted by those who hold power d. all of these

Q: Which theory states the relationship between law and capitalism is unidirectional? a. critical feminist theory b. instrumental critical theory c. power-control theory d. structural critical theory

Q: According to instrumental theorists, to unmask the true purpose of law and justice is termed: a. destigmatize b. discredit c. dishonor d. demystify

Q: According to the instrumental view of critical criminology the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich but: a. their crimes are less visible b. they are arrested and punished less often c. their crimes are more serious in nature d. they are arrested and punished more often

Q: Theorists who view the law is used to maintain the long-term interests of the capitalist system and to control members of any class who threaten its existence are known as: a. instrumentalists b. peacemakers c. left realists d. structuralists

Q: Which of the following is not considered a state (organized) crime? a. illegal domestic surveillance b. human rights violations c. enforcement of laws and working with the private sector d. engaging in violence to maintain power

Q: Conflict theorists believe this occurs when people are thrust outside of the economic mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime.a. classificationb. symbolic interactionc. marginalizationd. economic interaction

Q: Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known as: a. Marxist feminism b. radical feminism c. social reality of crime d. dialectic method

Q: Which theorist believed that society is divided into have and have-not groups and penal law penal law serves the will of the ruling class.: those who possess authority and those who lack authority? a. Willem Bonger b. Ralf Dahrendorf c. George Vold d. Karl Marx

Q: Which of the following principles is not an element of Ralf Dahrendorf's conflict theory of human behavior? a. Every society is at every point subject to processes of change. b. Every society displays at every point dissent and conflict. c. Every element in society renders a contribution to it's disintegration and change. d. Every society is based upon protection of some of its members by others.

Q: Hegel argued that for every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument or: a. antithesis b. subthesis c. hypothesis d. synthesis

Q: The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods that exceed wages in value is known as: a. surplus profit b. surplus value c. surplus efficiency d. surplus production

Q: Critical criminologists are concerned about the impact of globalization. Which of the following is not a globalization threat? a. the growing dominance and reach of the free-market capitalist system that disproportionately benefits the wealthy b. the non-democratic operation of international financial institutions c. the improved standard of living in Third World nations d. the growing influence of international financial institutions

Q: Critical criminologists devote their attention to a number of important themes and concepts. What theme is not inclusive of critical criminology? a. the use and misuse of power b. critiquing the field of criminology c. the association with deviant peers to crime rates d. assessing the threat competitive capitalism presents to the working class

Q: Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called: a. productive forces b. lumpen proletariat c. capitalist bourgeoisie d. the proletariat

Q: Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called: a. lumpen proletariat b. capitalist proletariat c. capitalist bourgeoisie d. lumpen bourgeoisie

Q: The relationships that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as: a. productive forces b. productive relations c. productive handicaps d. productive facilitators

Q: Productive forces do not include what things? a. technology b. energy sources c. material resources d. altruistic relationships

Q: The view that the inter-group conflict and rivalry that exists in every society causes crime is known as: a. critical criminology b. radical feminist theory c. surplus value theory d. peacemaking criminology

Q: Conflict theorists are concerned with all but which of the following? a. the role government plays in creating a criminogenic environment b. the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law c. the prevalence of bias in the justice system operations d. the relationship between a socialism and crime rates

Q: The _________________ process begins by redefining crime in terms of a conflict among the offender, the victim, and affected community.

Q: ______________________________ occurs when disapproval is extended to an offenders' evil deeds, while at the same time those offenders who can be reaccepted by society are cast as respected people.

Q: The purpose of ___________________________ is to promote a peaceful and just society.

Q: Gender differences can be traced to the development of private property and male domination of the laws of inheritance, which led to a ____________________ of male control over property and power.

Q: _______________________ holds that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class.

Q: Critical criminologists are more likely to examine ________________________ rather than to use more empirical methods such as surveys and data analysis.

Q: ________________________ view criminal law and the criminal system as instruments for controlling the poor, have-not members of society.

Q: _______________ is acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives.

Q: __________________ thrusts people outside of the economic mainstream forcing them to live in areas conducive to crime.

Q: According to critical criminologists, crime is a _____________ concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

Q: _______________ argued that laws are created by politically oriented groups, who seek the government's assistance to help them defend their rights and protect their interests.

Q: The _____________ are the people who do the actual labor.

Q: The owners of the means of production are the _____________________. .

Q: ____________________try to explain crime within economic and social contexts and to express the connection between social class, crime, and social control.

Q: Conflict promotes crime by creating a social atmosphere in which the_________ is a mechanism for controlling dissatisfied, have-not members of society while the wealthy maintain their power.

Q: Discuss the policy implications and crime prevention efforts associated with social process theories.

Q: Discuss Lemert's concept of primary and secondary deviance. Why does secondary deviance transform one's identity whereas primary deviance does not?

Q: Symbolic reaction theory (labeling theory) is rooted in symbolic interaction theory. Explain how symbolic interaction and interpretation, the result of labeling, may lead to a criminal career.

Q: Identify and explain the elements of social bond theory. What are some of the criticisms of social bonds?

Q: Neutralization theory holds that offenders master techniques that enable them to neutralize conventional values. Identify and discuss three of these techniques of neutralization.

Q: Explain Akers' differential reinforcement theory and discuss how it is associated with, or employs, concepts from Sutherland's differential association.

Q: Identify and describe the principles of Sutherland's differential association theory.

Q: Explain the differences between the three branches of social process theory " social learning, social control, and social reaction.

Q: The peer group has a powerful effect on human conduct and can have a dramatic influence on decision making and behavior choices. Discuss the various ways peers and delinquency are linked.

Q: Family relationships are a major determinant of behavior. Identify and discuss the various elements of family relations and how these elements influence criminality.

Q: The influence of labeling theory can be viewed in the development of diversion and restitution programs

Q: Negative labels, such as being called a troublemaker, stigmatize the recipients of these labels and reduce their self-image. Those who accept or internalize these labels are more prone to engage in delinquent behaviors than those who do not.

Q: One of the critiques of social bond theory is that attachment to deviant peers supports and nurtures rather than deters antisocial behavior.

Q: Hirschi offers that the social bond a person maintains with society is comprised of four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

Q: According to differential reinforcement, people learn to evaluate their own behavior through their interactions with significant others and groups in their lives

Q: Sykes and Matza found that criminals are immune to the demands of conformity and that criminals rarely respect, if ever, honest, law-abiding persons.

Q: When an offender views the world as a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code, it is known as denial of injury.

Q: When young offenders sometimes claim their unlawful acts were simply not their fault, it is known as denial of responsibility.

Q: Differential association theory is able to explain why one youth who is exposed to delinquent definitions eventually succumbs to them, while another, living under the same conditions, is able to avoid criminal entanglements.

Q: Criminal techniques are learned including the motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes associated with crime.

Q: Social learning theories assume people are born either "bad" or "good" and that their degree of criminality can be unlearned with proper socialization.

Q: Social control theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become a criminal but that most people are controlled by their bonds to society.