Q&A Hero

Q: The pathway to crime that begins with minor, underhanded behavior that leads to property damage is known as: a. the power pathway b. the authority conflict pathway c. the overt pathway d. the covert pathway

Q: According to problem behavior syndrome, crime is a type of ________ problem rather than the product of other social problems. a. personality b. psychological c. emotional d. social

Q: Some theorists believe that criminality may be a part of a group of antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, educational underachievement, sensation seeking, and unemployment. This is known as: a. problem behavior syndrome b. general theory of crime c. social development model d. human nature theory

Q: __________________ views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences. a. the social development model b. life course theory c. interactional theory d. human nature theory

Q: The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to ____, who researched the life cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s. a. Marvin Wolfgang b. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck c. Rolf Loeber d. Sampson and Laub

Q: The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as: a. social development model b. developmental criminology c. general theory of crime d. social control theory

Q: _________________ are a small group of offenders who begin their career at an early age and then continue to offend well into adulthood. They are more likely to manifest abnormal personal traits and display elements of problem behavior syndrome.

Q: Most young offenders follow one of two paths. "Typical teenagers" who get into minor scrapes and who engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends are considered to be _______________________ offenders.

Q: According to ______________________, crime is among a group of social problems faced by at-risk youth.

Q: Critics of the general theory of crime claim that it is_________________ or involves circular reasoning.

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate______________________________.

Q: According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the propensity to commit crime is tied directly to a person's level of _______________.

Q: A ___________________ is a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or soon after that makes some people crime-prone over the life course.

Q: Building ______________ " positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining " support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior.

Q: In contrast to negative life experiences as posited in age-graded theory, positive life experiences such as gaining employment and getting married limit criminal behavior opportunities. These positive experiences are termed ________________ in crime.

Q: According to the principles of age-graded theory, repeated negative life experiences create a condition called _______________________.

Q: The ______ pathway escalates to aggressive acts beginning with aggression, such as annoying others, leading to physical fighting, and then to violence.

Q: The ______________ pathway to crime begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.

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Q: ________________________, in his Philadelphia cohort research, identified a small group of chronic offenders who engaged in frequent and repeated criminal activity across their life spans.

Q: The foundation of ______________________ can be traced to the pioneering work of Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck, who, in the 1930s, popularized research on the life cycle of delinquent careers.

Q: Discuss the policy-based initiatives that have been developed using the premises of developmental theory. What elements or aspects of development theory do these initiatives address?

Q: A number of criticisms of the general theory of crime remain unanswered. Identify and discuss at least five implications of these unanswered criticisms.

Q: According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, explain how impulsivity, poor-self control, and crime are associated.

Q: Provide a brief discussion of Wilson and Herrnstein's view on crime and human nature. What did they say contributed to criminal activity?

Q: Discuss latent trait theory. What are latent traits discuss at least 3 ways the theory results in criminal behavior?

Q: What are "turning points in crime" and how do they contribute to the desistance of criminal behavior or aging-out?

Q: Explain the at least five differences between "adolescent-limited" and "life-course persistent" offenders. What are the differences between the offense patterns for two pathway groups?

Q: What are the three pathways to crime identified by Loeber? Explain each of these pathways.

Q: Discuss the factors that comprise problem behavior syndrome (PBS) and the association between PBS and crime.

Q: Briefly compare and contrast life course and latent trait theories.

Q: Policy-based initiatives based on premises of developmental theory typically feature multi-systemic treatment efforts.

Q: The covert pathway involves aggressive acts that escalate from annoying others and bullying, to physical fighting, and later to violence.

Q: One of the strengths of the general theory of crime is that is it tautological in nature.

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of an impulsive personality.

Q: Human nature theory indicates that all human behavior, including criminality, is determined by its perceived consequences. Psychological and biological traits influence one's crime and noncrime choices.

Q: Aging-out is explained by latent trait theory in that one's propensity to commit crime remains stable over the life course, the opportunity to commit crime fluctuates over time, and people only appear to age-out as they mature.

Q: Latent trait theories hold that some underlying condition present at birth or soon after controls behavior.

Q: Research indicates that criminal career trajectories can be reversed if life conditions improve and kids gain social capital.

Q: Marriage and employment serve as informal social control mechanisms that limit criminal behavior opportunities.

Q: Life experiences resulting from encounters with formal social control mechanisms, such as police and other authority figures, limit criminal behavior opportunities. Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory refers to such experiences as "turning points in crime."

Q: Research indicates that poor parental discipline and monitoring seem to be keys to the early onset of criminality and that these influences may follow kids into their adulthood.

Q: Adolescent-limited offenders may be considered "typical teens" who get into minor scrapes and engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with friends.

Q: Life course theories are integrated theories and assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts later and more serious criminality.

Q: The Gluecks' research was highly praised for nearly 30 years as the study of crime and delinquency shifted almost exclusively to social factors.

Q: Developmental theories attempt to provide a more global vision of a criminal career, encompassing its onset, persistence, and desistence.

Q: Programs and policies based on developmental theory typically feature __________ treatment efforts. a. economic-related b. singular-focused c. faith-based d. multi-systemic

Q: Which of the following is not a criticism of the general theory of crime? a. The theory is tautological or involves circular reasoning. b. It fails to address individual and ecological patterns in the crime rate. c. It predicts there are no gender differences between self control and crime. d. It assumes an individual's criminal propensity does not change.

Q: By integrating the concepts of ________________________, Gottfredson and Hirschi help explain why some people who lack self-control can escape criminality, and, conversely, why some people who have self-control might not escape. a. socialization and criminality b. psychology and criminality c. delinquency and impulsivity d. trajectories and transitions

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that self-control theory best explains what crime? a. violent crime b. property crime c. all crime d. juvenile crime

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate: a. nutrition and health care b. intelligence c. child rearing practices d. education

Q: According to the general theory of crime, people who lack self-control tend not to be: a. self-centered b. studious c. adventuresome d. risk-takers

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi identify people who lack self-control as tending to be: a. sensitive b. aggressive c. irrationnel d. impulsive

Q: What theory, developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi considers the criminal offender and the criminal act as separate concepts? a. human nature theory b. age-graded theory c. interactional theory d. general theory of crime

Q: Wilson and Herrnstein's model assumes that both __________________________traits influence the crime"noncrime choice. a. biological and psychological b. biological and sociological c. sociological and psychological d. neurological and psychological

Q: The view that both biological and psychological traits influence the crime-non-crime choice is known as: a. human nature theory b. age-graded theory c. interactional theory d. control-balance theory

Q: _________________________________ suggested that personal traitssuch as genetic makeup, intelligence, and body buildmay outweigh the importance of social variables as predictors of criminal activity. a. Gottfredson and Hirschi b. Glueck and Glueck c. Sampson and Laub d. Wilson and Hernstein

Q: Restorative justice advocates argue that the formal social control methods of punishment are a failure because over two-thirds of prison inmates recidivate soon after release. Discuss how the informal control method of reintegrative shaming works and whether it might be a more effective approach to deterrence.

Q: Explain the concept of peacemaking criminology and how it differs from other forms of conflict criminology.

Q: Discuss how critical feminist theory explains criminality, gender inequality and female exploitation.

Q: Define patriarchy and discuss the differences between a paternalistic family and an egalitarian family.

Q: Left realism is one form of emergent critical criminology. What are the concerns and beliefs held by proponents of left realism?

Q: Discuss three critiques of critical criminology.

Q: Discuss the issues critical criminologists have with traditional social science methodology and then provide the types of research techniques used in critical criminology.

Q: Explain and discuss the differences between structural and instrumental theories.

Q: What is state (organized) crime? Identify and explain the four types of state crime.

Q: Define globalization, how it viewed as a threat to the world economy and the two elements of globalization that encourage criminality.

Q: Identify and discuss the areas and themes that contemporary critical criminology focuses.

Q: Restorative justice advocates support methods of punishment such as probation and imprisonment.

Q: Reintegration shaming extends disapproval to an offender's evil deeds while casting the offender as a respected person who can be reaccepted by society.

Q: Stigmatizing shaming includes the disapproval of what the offender did followed by acceptance and reaccepted by society.

Q: Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as crime-encouraging rather than crime-discouraging.

Q: In paternalistic families girls who are unhappy or dissatisfied with their status are forced to seek out risky role exit behaviors such as running away or suicide.

Q: In egalitarian families fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinners, while mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters.

Q: Critical feminism argues that in a patriarchal system, women are considered a commodity worth possessing, like land or money.

Q: Left realists argue that police should reduce their use of force, increase their sensitivity to the public, and be more responsive to community needs.

Q: Empirical research is relied on solely by critical criminologists.

Q: Structural theorists aim to demystify, or unmask the true purpose, of law and justice.

Q: Instrumentalists view the criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the elite members of society.

Q: Denying citizens basic civil rights and routinely using hard labor and torture to punish political dissidents are human rights violations.