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Criminal Law
Q:
Individual exploitation of institutional power involves forcing victims to pay for services to which they have a clear right.
Q:
The term "Ponzi scheme" comes from an individual who duped thousands of New England residents into investing in a postage stamp speculation scheme back in the 1920s.
Q:
What causal explanation of white-collar crime states that the motives that produce white-collar crimes are the same as those that produce any other criminal behavior?
a. neutralization view
b. self-control view
c. corporate culture theory
d. rationalization view
Q:
Which of the following statements does not reflect corporate culture theory?
a. Everyone else does it.
b. Business enterprises place excessive demands on employees.
c. Senior employees encourage new employees to believe that greed is good.
d. Companies maintain business climates tolerant of deviance.
Q:
What theory can be used to explain the collapse of Enron?
a. rationalization view
b. low self-control
c. corporate culture theory
d. neutralization view
Q:
Rationalizing their ________ is a common trait of white-collar criminals.
a. greed
b. skill
c. authority
d. power
Q:
Both the United States and most sovereign nations have passed laws making it a crime to pollute of damage the environment. Which of the following is not an environmental law in the U.S.?
a. Clean Water Act
b. Endangered Species Act
c. Sarbanes-Oxley Act
d. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Q:
_________________________ is defined as the intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance into the biosystem that is known to have an adverse effect on the natural environment or life.
a. Criminal environmental pollution
b. Illegal dumping
c. Biocentric degradation
d. Environmental discharge
Q:
One of the largest and fastest growing problems concerns disposing of obsolete high-tech electronics called:
a. E-waste
b. T-waste
c. Tech-dump
d. Green-trash
Q:
_________ occurs when fishing vessels sign on to their home nation's rules but then choose to ignore their scope and boundary, or operate in a country's waters without permission or on the high seas without a flag.
a. Illegal dumping
b. Illegal fishing
c. Illegal shipping
d. Illegal exporting
Q:
There are numerous problems presented by illegal wildlife exporting. Which of the following reasons is not true?
a. Poachers imperil endangered species and threaten them with extinction.
b. The importation of non-native species, which could harm the receiving habitats.
c. By evading government controls, poachers create the potential for introducing pests and diseases into formerly unaffected areas.
d. The global trade in illegal wildlife has declined due to waining economic incentive.
Q:
Illegal logging can have severe environmental and social impact. Which of the following impact statements is false?
a. Illegal logging exhausts forests, destroys wildlife and damages its habitats.
b. By reducing forest cover, illegal logging repairs the ability of land to absorb carbon emissions
c. Illegal logging creates unsustainable economic devastation in the poorest countries.
d. The substantial revenues from illegal logging fund national and regional conflict.
Q:
The _____________________ view advocates viewing green crime beyond current laws to its impact on the damage occurring in third world nations that have insufficient regulatory laws and whose environmental laws are being manipulated by corporations.
a. legalistic
b. environmental justice
c. biocentric
d. corporate deterrence
Q:
______________ crimes involve a wide range of actions and outcomes that harm the environment and that stem from decisions about what is produced, where it is produced, and how it is produced.
a. Green-collar
b. White-collar
c. Blue-collar
d. Yellow-collar
Q:
Why do deterrence strategies against white-collar criminals work?
a. because white collar criminals are difficult to shame
b. because white collar crime is a rational act
c. because federal agencies are eager to throw criminal executives in prison
d. because white collar criminals conceive of themselves as more threatening than street criminals
Q:
Corporations can circumvent economic sanctions by:
a. declaring bankruptcy
b. moving their rule-violating activities overseas
c. merging with another corporation
d. devaluing their stock
Q:
Compliance strategies are often viewed as "slaps on the wrists." In their place, deterrence strategies have become the normative approach to controlling white-collar offenders. Why is the tide turning from compliance to deterrence?
a. due to the crushing caseloads of compliance agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency
b. due to the increased number of prisons structured to house non-violent offenders
c. due to public displeasure and a growing awareness of the damage caused by white-collar criminals
d. due to pressure aimed at political officials from lobbyists and labor unions
Q:
Which of the following pieces of legislation combats fraud and abuse in publicly traded companies?
a. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)
b. Sherman Antitrust Act
c. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
d. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Q:
One method of controlling white-collar crime is through the use of compliance strategies. Which of the following is not how compliance strategies work?
a. Compliance strategies aim for law conformity without the necessity of detecting, processing, or penalizing individual violators.
b. Compliance strategies do not require cooperation and self-policing from businesses.
c. Compliance strategies provide economic incentives for obeying the law.
d. Compliance strategies depend on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control corporate violators.
Q:
When speaking of white-collar enforcement, which of the following is an inaccurate statement?
a. Enforcement is generally proactive.
b. Local agencies rarely have the funds necessary for efficient enforcement.
c. On the federal level, detection is primarily in the hands of administrative departments and agencies.
d. Many local prosecutors do not consider white-collar crimes particularly serious problems.
Q:
Some corporations have endangered the lives of their own workers by maintaining unsafe conditions in their plants and mines. What federal agency sets and controls standards of workers' safety?
a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
b. Environmental Protection Agency
c. Internal Revenue Service
d. Securities and Exchange Commission
Q:
The control of restraint of trade violations, which involves a contract or conspiracy designed to stifle competition, create a monopoly, artificially maintain prices, or otherwise interfere with free market competition, has its legal basis in:
a. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
b. Sherman Antitrust Act
c. U.S. Internal Revenue Code
d. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Q:
An example of business-related bribery is the routine practice of paying radio stations or DJs to play songs. This is known as:
a. chiseling
b. bucketing
c. payola
d. pilferage
Q:
__________________ occurs when the victim has a clear right to expect a service, and the offender threatens to withhold the service unless an additional payment or bribe is forthcoming.
a. Influence peddling
b. Exploitation
c. Chiseling
d. Front running
Q:
A cab drivers who routinely overcharges customers by charging them out-of-town rates though the ride had taken place within city limits is involved in what type of white-collar crime?
a. churning
b. chiseling
c. upcoding
d. bucketing
Q:
One example of health care fraud involves billing for more expensive services or procedures than were actually provided or performed. This practice is termed ______________and requires "inflation" of the patient's diagnosis code to a more serious condition consistent with the false procedure code.
a. ladder coding
b. trade coding
c. upcoding
d. step coding
Q:
What white-collar crime involves a contract or conspiracy designed to stifle competition, create a monopoly, artificially maintain prices, or otherwise interfere with free market competition?
a. restraint of commerce
b. restraint of trade
c. restraint of business
d. restraint of competition
Q:
When firms divide a region into territories and each firm agrees not to compete in the others' territories, it is illegal and is called:
a. group boycott
b. tying arrangement
c. division of markets
d. price fixing
Q:
When powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or that require them to do social good, it is called corporate crime or:
a. organized crime
b. organizational crime
c. social crime
d. antitrust crime
Q:
Income tax evasion is a type of client fraud. Simply not paying taxes, not reporting income, or not paying taxes when due is a misdemeanor known as:
a. affirmative tax evasion
b. authoritative neglect
c. inert evasion
d. passive neglect
Q:
Tom Delay was forced out of politics by his involvement in a bribery scandal involving Washington, D.C. lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Representative Randy "Duke" Cunningham resigned from Congress after confessing to accepting $2.4 million in bribes. Former Illinois Governor George Ryan was convicted of steering government contracts to people willing to give him kickbacks and bribes. All three of these men committed the white-collar crime of:
a. restraint of trade
b. influence peddling
c. professional chiseling
d. embezzlement
Q:
For the government to prove tax fraud, the minimum dollar amount that must be involved is:
a. $50
b. $100
c. $1000
d. there is no minimum dollar amount
Q:
Vendors who bundle subprime loans into large pools and sell them as securities, a process known as securitization, are involved in a:
a. mortgage swindle
b. investment swindle
c. Ponzi scheme
d. foreclosure rescue scams
Q:
Congress passed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act that made it illegal to:
a. traffic women and children across country borders
b. bribe foreign officials
c. take kickbacks from foreigners
d. engage in price-fixing with foreign businesses
Q:
Systematic theft of company property by employees is common and is called:
a. front running
b. bucketing
c. "steering"
d. pilferage
Q:
In crimes of institutional exploitation, the victims are those who are forced to pay for services to which they have a clear right. Who or what is the victim in crimes of influence peddling?
a. the organization that is compromised by its employees
b. the customers of an organization who end up paying higher prices for its goods or services
c. entry-level employees of an organization who are compromised by higher-ranking employees
d. the stockholders of an organization compromised by its customers
Q:
In many _________________, the fraudsters focus on attracting new money to make promised payments to earlier-stage investors and to use for personal expenses, instead of engaging in any legitimate investment activity.
a. front-running schemes
b. pilferages
c. bank frauds
d. Ponzi schemes
Q:
A white-collar crime in which a stockbroker makes repeated, excessive, and unnecessary buying and selling of stock is known as:
a. chiseling
b. churning
c. front running
d. bucketing
Q:
Operation Bullpen was a federal government effort aimed at stopping a major _____________ operation in the sports memorabilia industry.
a. churning
b. front running
c. swindle
d. chiseling
Q:
White collar crime involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is __________ profit through __________ business transactions.
a. criminal; black-market
b. black-market; violent
c. illegal; legitimate
d. illegal; illegitimate
Q:
In the 1930s, Sutherland first used the phrase "white-collar crime" to describe the criminal activities of:
a. the rich and powerful
b. the proletariat
c. the mafia
d. business people
Q:
Using illegal tactics to make profits in the marketplace is known as:
a. entrepreneurship
b. enterprise crime
c. venture enterprise
d. illegitimate enterprise
Q:
________________ is a white-collar enforcement strategy that encourages law-abiding behavior through both the threat of economic sanctions and the promise of rewards for conformity.
Q:
According to the ____________ some business organizations promote white-collar criminality in the same way that lower-class culture encourages the development of juvenile gangs and street crime.
Q:
White collar offenders who claim that everyone does it reflect the ___________________ or _____________________ view of causation.
Q:
The major enforcement arm against environmental crimes is the _______________________.
Q:
_____________________ is defined as the intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance into the biosystem that is known to have an adverse effect on the natural environment or life.
Q:
_________ is the systematic theft of company property by employees.
Q:
_________________ is a routine practice in the record industry of paying radio stations and DJs to play songs.
Q:
________________ occurs when bribes are taken by employees who use their positions to grant favors and sell information to which their co-conspirators are not entitled.
Q:
______________________ occurs when a corporate employee with direct knowledge of market-sensitive information uses it to buy and sell securities, giving the employee-trader an unfair advantage over the general public.
Q:
A __________________ is an investment fraud that involves the payment of purported returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors.
Q:
White-collar crime, which includes antitrust violations, price fixing, and false advertising, is known as _________________.
Q:
__________________________ is activity that brings about environmental harm.
Q:
Credit card fraud and income tax evasion are two types of _______________.
Q:
In the 1930s, ____________first used the phrase "white-collar crime" to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful.
Q:
Criminal activity that typically involves groups that conspire to make illegal profits through connections to business and commerce is _______________________.
Q:
Larceny/theft was one of the earliest common-law crimes created by English judges to define acts in which one person took for his or her own use the property of another
Q:
Occasional property crime occurs when there is an opportunity or situational inducement to commit crime.
Q:
By the eighteenth century, three separate groups of property criminals were active: skilled thieves, smugglers, and poachers.
Q:
Theft is a phenomenon unique to modern times; the theft of personal property has not been known throughout recorded history.
Q:
Economic crimes can be defined as acts in violation of the criminal code designed to bring financial reward to an offender.
Q:
When a business owner burns his or her property, or hires someone to do it, to escape financial problems is known as:
a. arson fraud
b. revenge arson
c. arson for profit
d. situational arson
Q:
The fact that some arsonists are motivated by severe emotional turmoil, antisocial behavior, and psychopathology, supports the claim that arson should be viewed as:
a. a social work problem
b. an intellectual problem
c. a mental health problem
d. a medical problem
Q:
A burglar who has technical competence, maintains personal integrity, specializes in burglary, has financial success, and has the ability to avoid prison sentences is known as:
a. a good burglar
b. an occupational burglar
c. a high-end burglar
d. a commercial burglar
Q:
Gender differences exist among male and female burglars. Which statement is false?
a. Males work solo for the most part, while females often work with others.
b. Both male and female burglars claimed a good job that paid well with minimal supervision would get them to give up their careers in crime.
c. Males become involved in burglary through male peers, and females are introduced to crime through their family members.
d. Females are involved because of the need to by necessities for their children.
Q:
In states that enact laws specifying different degrees of burglary, the most serious and heavily punished crimes involve:a)daytime forced entry into a nonresidential structureb)nighttime forced entry into a residential structurec)nighttime forced entry into a commercial buildingd)daytime forced entry into a commercial building
Q:
Which of the following elements would have legally constituted burglary during the late middle ages?a)an occurrence during daylight hoursb)an occurrence by an invited guestc)an occurrence during nighttime hoursd)an occurrence involving an item worth less than ten dollars
Q:
Embezzlement is distinguished from fraud on the basis of:
a. whether the act occurred against an organization or an individual
b. the number of actors "working the scheme"
c. the dollar value of what was taken and the absence of using a weapon to perpetrate the criminal act
d. when the criminal intent was formed and that a serious breach of trust has taken place
Q:
Today technology allows this crime to be executed differently than in the past. However it remains the most common method of swindling money out of an innocent victim.
a. the cannon drop
b. the pretense drop
c. the false drop
d. the pigeon drop
Q:
Swindles run by crooks who aspire to separate a victim from his or her hard-earned money are known as:
a. constructive stings
b. confidence games
c. constructive schemes
d. confidence schemes
Q:
Misrepresenting a fact in a way that causes a victim to willingly give his or her property to the wrongdoer, who then keeps it, is known as:
a. factual pretense
b. false pretense
c. nave pretense
d. opportunistic pretense
Q:
Which of the following is not a common auto accident fraud scheme?
a. the swoop and squat
b. the drive up
c. the sideswipe
d. the t-bone
Q:
Car theft which involves stealing a luxury car and replacing its vehicle identification number (VIN) with a legitimate VIN and providing counterfeit dealership and registration documents is known as:
a. carjacking
b. joyriding
c. prestige-jacking
d. car cloning
Q:
A type of auto theft involving a gunman approaching a car and forcing the owner to give up the keys is known as:
a. carjacking
b. joyriding
c. prestige-jacking
d. situational inducement
Q:
The majority of check forgers who do not believe their actions will hurt anyone and usually cash bad checks because of a financial crisis are known as:
a. constructive check forgers
b. systematic check forgers
c. good check forgers
d. nave check forgers
Q:
Cashing forged checks because of a financial crisis that demands an immediate resolution is known as:
a. shutting
b. heeling
c. closure
d. constructive possession
Q:
To combat losses from credit card theft, Congress passed a law in 1971 limiting a person's liability to _____ per stolen card.
a. $25
b. $50
c. $100
d. $500
Q:
What do we know about systematic check forgers?
a. They are risk prone when faced with a situation that is unusually stressful for them.
b. They constitute a relatively large segment of the total population of check forgers.
c. They make a substantial living by cashing bad checks.
d. They are usually isolated people, unsuccessful in their personal relationships.
Q:
Most nave check forgers come from ____ backgrounds and have little identification with a criminal subculture.
a. lower-class
b. middle-class
c. upper-class
d. poverty-level