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Criminal Law
Q:
The Plug Uglies, the Hudson Dusters, and the Dead Rabbits were gangs and the forerunners of organized crime families in New York.
Q:
Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the differences between the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system?
a. Juvenile proceedings are not considered criminal, but adult proceedings are.
b. Juveniles have no constitutional right to a jury trial, whereas adults have this right.
c. The nature of the offense determines jurisdiction in juvenile court.
d. Juvenile court procedures are generally informal and private. Those of adult courts are more formal and are open to the public.
Q:
Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the similarities between the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system?
a. The use of discretion in decision-making is used in both the juvenile justice systems and adult criminal justice system.
b. The standard of arrest is similar for adults and juveniles.
c. The standard of evidence in juvenile delinquency adjudications, as in adult criminal trials, is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
d. Juveniles and adults can be kept in detention without bail if they are considered dangerous.
Q:
Which of the following is not a component of the corrections system?
a. Probation
b. Prison
c. Parole
d. Prosecution
Q:
Which state does not have a law enforcement agency on the state level?
a. Hawaii
b. Idaho
c. Utah
d. Maine
Q:
Today, there are approximately how many law enforcement agencies on all levels of the govenment?
a. 10,000
b. 12,500
c. 18,000
d. 25,000
Q:
How do backers of the restorative justice model view punitive methods of correction?
a. They are viewed as restorative to the social capital of society.
b. They are viewed as stigmatizing to the offender.
c. They are viewed as effective if used in combination with parole and aftercare.
d. Punitive methods are viewed as no more effective than more humanitarian efforts.
Q:
According to the restorative justice model, what is the true purpose of the criminal justice system?
a. to promote a peaceful and just society
b. to maintain a "hands-off" doctrine
c. to protect a suspect's civil rights
d. to treat and rehabilitate offenders
Q:
A criticism of the nonintervention model is that alternative programs may result in:
a. increased taxes due to costs associated with alternative programs.
b. disrespect for a criminal justice system viewed as "soft" by offenders
c. an eventual increase in crime when programs fail
d. widening the net instead of removing people from the system
Q:
What do proponents of the nonintervention model advocate?
a. limiting decriminalization of nonserious offenses
b. limiting government intrusion into people's lives
c. limiting diversion from formal court processes
d. limiting deinstitutionalization of nonserious offenders
Q:
The rehabilitation model is also referred to as:
a. the intervention model
b. the patient model
c. the medical model
d. the healing model
Q:
According to the rehabilitation model, dealing effectively with crime requires:
a. attacking its root causes
b. more punitive sentencing
c. decriminalization of nonserious offenses
d. appropriate levels of funding from the federal government
Q:
The rehabilitation model suggests that people commit crime:
a. in spite of treatment and rehabilitation efforts
b. when the opportunity exists
c. through no fault of their own
d. when the general public is nonsupportive of the poor
Q:
Which perspective embraces the notion that, given the proper care and treatment, criminals can be changed into productive, law-abiding citizens?
a. equal justice
b. crime control
c. rehabilitation
d. due process
Q:
Due process model advocates have not demanded which of the following practices?
a. Truth-in-sentencing laws.
b. Development of prisoners' rights.
c. Strict scrutiny of police search and interrogation procedures.
d. Competent defense counsel for every criminal defendant.
Q:
The due process model combines elements of liberal/positivist criminology with the legal concept of:
a. probable cause
b. fundamental fairness
c. procedural fairness
d. innocent until proven guilty
Q:
Most important to advocates of the due process model is that:
a. riminals should be changed into law-abiding and productive members of society.
b. Society is protected and victims are compensated.
c. Treatment and rehabilitation should be used over punitive measures.
d. The civil rights of the accused should be protected at all costs.
Q:
The equal justice model calls for:
a. indeterminate sentences
b. mandatory sentences
c. treatment and rehabilitation
d. peacemaking, not punishment
Q:
According to the equal justice model, punishment must be equitably administered and based on what people deserve for their crimes. This concept is known as:
a. just deserts
b. discretion
c. procedural fairness
d. equal protection under law
Q:
Which of the following factors is an indicator of a conservative, hard-line political climate in the United States?
a. reducing the use of the death penalty
b. support for insanity defenses
c. prison overcrowding
d. upholding the exclusionary rule
Q:
Advocates of the crime control model do not believe the overriding purpose of the justice system is to:
a. protect the public
b. deter criminal behavior
c. incapacitate known criminals
d. ensure individualized justice
Q:
Policy goals of advocates of the crime control model include:
a. limiting police discretion
b. increasing the size of police forces
c. protecting citizens' Miranda rights
d. reducing the use of the death penalty
Q:
During the 1960s and 1970s, the crime control philosophy became a dominant force in America due to rising fear of crime and what other factor?
a. the increasing numbers of inmates being released from prison early due to overcrowding
b. the increasing pressure from civil rights advocates
c. a rising shortage of police officers at the local level
d. the growing skepticism about the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts
Q:
The procedural right that protects defendants from illegal searches and seizures is called:
a. exclusionary rule
b. hands-off doctrine
c. probable cause
d. preliminary hearing
Q:
While procedural laws have a number of sources, the most important source is:
a. the Emancipation Proclamation
b. common law
c. the Bible
d. the Bill of Rights
Q:
_____ control the actions of the agencies of justice and define the rights of criminal defendants.
a. Procedural laws
b. Substantive laws
c. Criminal laws
d. Civil laws
Q:
In the past, U.S. courts exercised little control over the operations of criminal justice agencies believing that their actions were not an area of judicial concern. This policy was referred to as:
a. "eyes-off doctrine"
b. "nonintrusion doctrine"
c. "nonintervention doctrine"
d. "hands-off doctrine"
Q:
Celebrity cases and their highly adversarial attorneys are a rarity in the justice system. A more accurate reflection of the court process involves cooperation between judges, prosecutors, and public defenders who work together to assure the flow of cases through the court system. This cooperation is referred to as the:
a. court system cooperation
b. courtroom work group
c. courtroom flow process
d. adversarial assistance group
Q:
The process of bail is meant to ensure:
a. that a suspect can work with her/his defense attorney
b. that witnesses will cooperate with attorneys
c. that a suspect will appear at trial
d. that victims will testify at trial
Q:
A(n) ___________________ usually involves a fine, a term of community supervision (probation), a period of incarceration in a penal institution, or some combination of these penalties.
a. arraignment
b. disposition
c. appeal
d. information
Q:
Grand jury procedures and preliminary hearings are held to determine if there exists ____ for a suspect to stand trial.
a. plausible cause
b. sufficient reason
c. probable cause
d. sufficient cause
Q:
In order to make an arrest, police need:
a. plausible cause
b. sufficient evidence
c. probable cause
d. sufficient cause
Q:
The aspects of decision making and __________ mark each stage of the criminal justice system.
a. funneling
b. deterrence
c. discretion
d. formality
Q:
Currently, how many people are under some form of correctional supervision?
a. less than 2 million
b. about 5 million
c. more than 7 million
d. over 10 million
Q:
The United States criminal justice system is monumental in size and is expensive to run. What is the annual cost to run civil and criminal justice on the federal, state, and local levels?
a. $500 million
b. $20 billion
c. $100 billion
d. $200 billion
Q:
The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of:
a. apprehension and punishment
b. social control
c. order maintenance
d. crime prevention
Q:
When were the components of criminal justice first conceived of as a "system?"
a. after the Wickersham Commission
b. after the Chicago Crime Commission
c. after studies conducted by the American Bar Foundation
d. after the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice
Q:
What prompted the development of formal agencies of criminal justice in the nineteenth century?
a. the Civil War
b. the rising number of murders in port cities
c. rampant alcohol abuse
d. criminal gangs and groups
Q:
The Wickersham Commission analyzed American justice and helped to usher in what era?
a. era of nonintervention
b. era of treatment and rehabilitation
c. era of crime control
d. era of due process
Q:
The ________________________ acted as a citizen's advocate group and kept track of the activities of local justice agencies. With its creation, the work of the criminal justice system began to be recognized.
a. Wickersham Commission
b. Chicago Crime Commission
c. American Bar Association
d. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice
Q:
In 1829, the first recognized police agency which was developed to keep the peace and identify criminal suspects was:
a. New York Police Department
b. Boston Police Department
c. London Metropolitan Police
d. French National Police
Q:
Those who believe in the model maintain that the true purpose of the criminal justice is to promote a peaceful, just society; the advocate peacemaking, not punishment.
Q:
The ________________ model suggests that the more the government intervenes in the lives of people, the greater the harm done to their future behavior patterns. As such they advocate for diversion, decriminalization and deinstitutionalization.
Q:
The____________________ model suggests that people commit crimes through no fault of their own. Instead, criminals themselves are the victims of social injustice, poverty, and racism; their acts are a response to a society that has betrayed them.
Q:
According to the _________________ model, dealing effectively with crime requires attacking its root causes.
Q:
Advocates of the __________________ model believe in individualized justice, treatment, and rehabilitation of offenders and view themselves as protectors of civil rights.
Q:
The idea that the punishment must be equitably administered and based on what people deserve for their crimes is called ______________________.
Q:
Advocates of the _______________________ model believe that the overriding purpose of the justice system is to protect the public, deter criminal behavior, and incapacitate known criminals.
Q:
The _______________________________ sets out and guarantees citizens certain rights and privileges when they are accused of crime.
Q:
Patterns of cooperation among judges, prosecutors, and public defenders are referred to as the ______________________.
Q:
At a defendant's ____________________, formal charges are read, the accused is informed of constitutional rights, bail is considered and a trial date set.
Q:
Decision making and ______________ mark each stage of the criminal justice process. Thus, the criminal justice system is similar to an assembly line.
Q:
In about half the states and in the federal system, the decision of whether to bring a suspect to trial (indictment) is made by a group of citizens brought together to form a __________________.
Q:
The criminal justice process begins with the _________________ an offender has with police and ends with the offender's reentry into society.
Q:
The _____________________ analyzed the American justice system in detail and helped usher in the era of treatment and rehabilitation.
Q:
The __________________________ refers to agencies of government charged with enforcing law, adjudicating criminals, and correcting criminal conduct.
Q:
The most typical use of cyberspace for destructive intent comes in the sending or implanting of disruptive programs. Compare and contrast each type of malware.
Q:
Compare the relationship between identity theft and phishing ?
Q:
Define illegal copyright infringement. Evaluate copyright infringement in its several forms.
Q:
The three main categories of cybercrime are cybertheft, cybervandalism, and cyberterrorism. Examine these categories of cyber crimes.
Q:
Define cyber crime. Explain why it is such an important concern in today's global economy.
Q:
The Convention on Cybercrime is an international treaty that addresses the definition and enforcement of transnational crime groups.
Q:
While cybercrime has been pervasive and rapidly evolving, law enforcement agencies at the federal, state, and local levels have managed to keep a step ahead of cyber offenders.
Q:
The younger generation of mob leaders stepping in to take control of the families seem to lack the skill and leadership of the older bosses.
Q:
A turning point in the development of organized gangs occurred on when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified prohibiting the sale manufacture, and transportation of intoxicating liquor.
Q:
As a source of income for transnational organized crime, human traffickers import up to 50,000 women and children every year into the United States.
Q:
Terrorist organizations are beginning to understand the power that cyber crime can inflict on their enemies even though, ironically, they may come from a region where the Internet is not widely used.
Q:
Commercial cyberspies target upcoming bids, customer lists, product designs, software source code, voice mail messages, and confidential e-mail messages.
Q:
E-tailing is Internet jargon for the crime of cyber stalking.
Q:
A logic bomb, also called slag code, is a type of delayed-action virus that may be set off when a program user makes certain input that sets the slag code in motion.
Q:
Phishing is also known as spoofing and is defined as creating false e-mails or websites that look legitimate but are designed to gain illegal access to a victim's personal information.
Q:
File sharing is a type of illegal copyright infringement that allows users to download music and other copyrighted materials without paying royalties to the copyright holder.
Q:
Internet securities fraud involves using the Internet to intentionally manipulate the securities marketplace for profit.
Q:
Cybervandalism is motivated more by profit than a cyber criminals urge to seek revenge.
Q:
Cybercrime is a new breed of offenses that involves the theft and/or destruction of information, resources, or funds utilizing computers, computer networks, or the Internet.
Q:
The widespread use of computers and the Internet has ushered in the age of IT in most industrialized societies.
Q:
Indications are that the traditional organized crime syndicates are:
a. thriving and gaining "membership"
b. eroding and in decline
c. maintaining stability but only in large city "territories"
d. virtually nonexistent having been replaced by newer ethnic gangs
Q:
Which of the following is inaccurate with regard to the decline of Mafia power?
a. Reigning family heads are quite old.
b. The code of silence in now regularly broken by younger members.
c. Emerging ethnic gangs want to muscle in on traditional syndicate activities.
d. Younger members are not as educated as earlier generations.
Q:
When referring to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, which is accurate?
a. RICO contains only federally defined crimes.
b. RICO contains only state defined crimes.
c. RICO provides sanctions of 20 years in prison and a $25,000 fine.
d. RICO created new categories of crimes with sanctions of life imprisonment.
Q:
It is believed that most organized crime income comes from narcotics distribution, internet pornography, and:
a. charitable funds
b. terrorism
c. human trafficking
d. labor unions