Q&A Hero

Q: An employee who reveals unethical behavior in an organization is known as a whistleblower.

Q: Zak refers to oxytocin as the "moral molecule.".

Q: According to the text, training classes in ethics have more influence over the behavior of employees than the behavior of administrators and supervisors.

Q: Kohlberg's seventh stage of moral development centers on the concept of agape.

Q: According to Gilligan, men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective.

Q: According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage.

Q: According to Kohlberg, moral development is closely related to intellectual development.

Q: According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning.

Q: The brain releases oxytocin in settings where there are feelings of anger or fear.

Q: Correctional programs have been shown to improve morality scores among offender populations.

Q: Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the "emotion" centers of the brain.

Q: All of the following elements of Trautman's "corruption continuum" seem to be present in the description of the Penn State scandal found in the chapter, except: a. ignoring obvious ethical problems b. administrative indifference toward integrity c. lack of a published Code of Ethics for the organization d. a survival-of-the-fittest approach by employees, who commit unethical acts to protect themselves

Q: Which of Bandura's methods of "cognitive restructuring" is illustrated by the other coaches who felt they had done their duty by merely passing the information up the chain? a. diffusion of responsibility b. euphemistic labeling c. dehumanization d. advantageous comparison

Q: This experiment lends credence to the power of: a. cognitive dissonance b. modeling c. the "blank slate" d. reinforcement

Q: If an agent in Joe's office reports Joe's actions, that agent would be referred to as:a. an inside reporterb. a whistleblowerc. a "disciplined mind"d. a "noble savage"

Q: Goldberg would assert that Joe has failed to act as: a. a post-conventional adult b. a synthesizing mind c. an ethical role model d. a "noble savage"

Q: Joe's decision to ignore his ethical reservations is a result of the pressure he feels to obtain results. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel would refer to Joe's decision as: a. euphemistic labeling b. motivated blindness c. advantageous comparison d. failure of duty

Q: By telling the recruits that they will be "eliminating" victims (as opposed to "killing," "blowing up," "gunning down," etc), the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?a. euphemistic labelingb. cognitive dissonancec. advantageous comparisond. displacement of responsibility

Q: The volunteers accept the instructions of their leader and intend to carry out the mission. They have no ethical reservations, as they have been trained to follow orders. Which method of cognitive restructuring are the volunteers employing? a. Dehumanization b. cognitive dissonance c. advantageous comparison d. displacement of responsibility

Q: By referring to the recruits as "martyrs" and saying that their mission will serve a higher purpose, leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring? a. Dehumanization b. moral justification c. advantageous comparison d. displacement of responsibility

Q: By telling the recruits that their victims are a lesser class of people and calling them an insulting name, the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring? a. Dehumanization b. cognitive dissonance c. advantageous comparison d. displacement of responsibility

Q: According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except:a. memory lossb. decreased attention spanc. an difficulty following directionsd. tactless behavior

Q: ___________ are often put into place to guard against ethics problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior. a. Polygraph examinations b. Compliance systems c. The "˜honor system" d. Security cameras

Q: According to the "corruption continuum" organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except: a. administrative indifference toward integrity b. ignoring obvious ethical problems c. hypocrisy and fear dominated culture d. charismatic leadership

Q: Which of the following statements about developmental theories is true? a. Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally b. Developmental theorists believe that exceptionally bright individuals can skip stages c. Bentham is a well-known developmental theorist d. Developmental theories argue that individual have normal "moral imaginations"

Q: Which of the following individuals added a "care perspective" to Kohlberg's theory? a. Jean Piaget b. Albert Bandura c. Carol Gilligan d. Jackson Flanagan

Q: Kohlberg advanced the possibility of a seventh stage described as a: a. "enlightened" stage involving law-and-order orientation b. "soft" stage of ethical awareness with an orientation of cosmic or religious thinking c. "universal" stage where the child becomes aware of and is concerned with others' needs d. "final" stage where the individual performs conventionally determined good behavior to be considered a good person

Q: Which of Kohlberg's moral stages centers on universal ethical principles? a. Stage 3 b. Stage 4 c. Stage 5 d. Stage 6

Q: During Kohlberg's __________________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional c. un-conventional d. conventional

Q: During Kohlberg's __________________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional c. un-conventional d. conventional

Q: During Kohlberg's __________________level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional c. un-conventional d. conventional

Q: Which of Kohlberg's moral stages has an interpersonal concordance orientation? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4

Q: According to Kohlberg, which is the first stage of moral development? a. punishment and obedience orientation b. instrument and relativity orientation c. social contract orientation d. law and order orientation

Q: Research indicates, for instance, that when workers are busy and stressed, they are more likely to make unethical choices because, possibly, the brain processes responsible for ______________ is already overloaded with other demands a. remembering ethics training b. perceiving instructions being given c. communicating with co-workers d. rationally deciding the correct action

Q: Which of the following statements about developmental theories is false? a. Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally. b. Developmental theories argue that individuals have normal growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity. c. Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are well-known developmental theorists. d. Kohlberg's moral stages of development consist of two levels of moral reasoning, with three stages in each level.

Q: Who of the following is not associated with developmental theories? a. Kohlberg b. Bentham c. Gilligan d. Piaget

Q: According to Bandura, self-regulation can be "turned off," leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms? a. Dehumanization b. Displacement of responsibility c. Advantageous labeling d. Disregard of the consequences

Q: Which of the following statements about social learning theory is true? a. Social learning theory was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg. b. Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development. c. Social learning theorists believe moral behavior is hierarchical. d. Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism.

Q: Sanitizing language, such as "wasting" or "whacking" instead of killing is an example of: a. behavioral classification b. metaphorical cataloging c. cognitive adage d. euphemistic labeling

Q: ____________________ can be defined as the individual's feelings of competence, and this sense is developed by comparing the self to others. a. Cognitive dissonance b. Self-efficacy c. Euphemistic morality d. Self-adequacy

Q: Social learning theory was developed by: a. Albert Bandura b. Jean Piaget c. Erik Erikson d. B. F. Skinner

Q: A survey of police chiefs found that they recommend that ethics training should focus on __________________ rather than rules. a. shared values and problem solving b. legal requirements for each position c. reviewing and updating the organization's Code of Ethics d. defining basic terms for new recruits

Q: Pinker refers to the incorrect belief that the body is separate from the mind as: a. the "blank slate" b. "moral imagination" c. the "ghost in the machine" d. the "noble savage"

Q: Ethical leaders should foster personal relationships with their subordinates in order to facilitate: a. caring b. modeling c. knowledge of weaknesses d. friendship

Q: Which of the following is not associated with learning theory? a. moral reasoning b. cognitive dissonance c. reinforcement d. modeling

Q: According to learning theorists: a. Behavior arises from moral beliefs. b. Moral behavior arises through reason. c. Moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement. d. Negative reinforcement is the most effective way to teach moral belief.

Q: Shermer believes that morality is a product of? a. Learning b. Reasoning c. Evolution d. Negative reinforcement

Q: Studies regarding biological sex differences in brain activity found evidence of sex differences in all except: a. antisocial tendencies b. delinquency c. conduct disorders d. intelligence

Q: Which of the following is a type of test that measures an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms? a. memory tests b. spatial skill tests c. recognition tests d. intelligence tests

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of frontal lobe damage? a. difficulty in logical reasoning b. impulsivity c. tendency toward apathy d. loss of motor function

Q: Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy? a. frontal lobes b. inferior parietal lobe c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere

Q: Define and discuss the concept of civil disobedience. Provide examples.

Q: Discuss the factors associated with the utilitarian argument for punishment.

Q: Explain restorative justice and community justice, and include how they differ.

Q: Explain the relationship between mercy and justice.

Q: Compare and contrast lex talionis and lex salica. Give an example of each.

Q: Compare and contrast substantive justice and procedural justice. Give an example of each.

Q: Describe the various theories of distributive justice.

Q: Describe Aristotle's two categories of justice.

Q: Review Rawls' theory and explain the criticisms that have been offered.

Q: Explain how Aristotle and Plato associated natural law with justice.

Q: Community justice is similar to restorative justice, but with more emphasis on __________.

Q: In a utilitarian system, the purpose of punishment is to _________ future crime.

Q: In order for scientific evidence to be entered into a criminal trial, it must meet the ____________ standard in most states.

Q: One of the advantages of __________________ was that it was considered more humane than corporal punishment.

Q: Since they both emphasize meeting needs, "ethics of care" is consistent with a _________ theory of justice.

Q: Bentham's idea that individuals weigh potential profit or pleasure against potential pain or punishment is called ______________________________.

Q: ______________ justice is concerned with ensuring the best possible outcome for society at large.

Q: Rawls' concept of a way to make moral judges unbiased by not knowing what role one might play in a moral issue is referred to as ______________________________.

Q: ___________________ punishment seeks to balance the victim's harm with the offender's pain.

Q: __________________ justice concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment, or other conclusion of law.

Q: The constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to ensure fairness in any governmental deprivation of protected liberty, life, or property are called ___________________,

Q: ________________ theories start with the basic premise of equal treatment or equal shares for all.

Q: __________________ justice is concerned with the allocation of the goods and burdens of society.

Q: ______________________ is concerned with punishments and sanctions.

Q: According to Walsh, moral outrage is a(n) ___________________response.

Q: Libertarian theory states that it is the role of government to provide as much guidance and control over the citizens as possible.

Q: Impartiality refers to fair and equal treatment for all, without discrimination or bias.

Q: Philosophical support for rehabilitative treatment of criminals can be found in natural law.

Q: Marxist theories state that resources should be distributed according to what one needs, rather than what one deserves.