Q&A Hero

Q: According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power? a. power, persuasion, threat, and force b. power, persuasion, force, and authority c. authority, threat, force, and persuasion d. force, coercion, persuasion, authority

Q: Force is defined as: a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance c. the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

Q: Persuasion is defined as: a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance c. the use of force and coercion to get one's way d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

Q: Power is defined as: a. the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance c. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

Q: Authority is defined as: a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance c. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

Q: Harris' "preventive policing" model includes: a. the concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing, and accountability mechanisms b. the concepts of community policy and the practices of crime control policing c. the concepts of problem-oriented policing, and counter-terrorism efforts d. the concepts of accountability mechanisms and counter-terrorism efforts

Q: A model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as: a. crime control policing b. reactive policing c. traditional policing d. community policing

Q: In relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except: a. Community policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with community members. b. There is evidence that there is more corruption in community policing models than with traditional law enforcement. c. Community policing reduces cynicism and burnout which may reduce corruption. d. Community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.

Q: The first era of police professionalism began in the: a. 1920s b. 1930s c. 1960s d. 1980s

Q: The public servant model of policing includes all the following except: a. Criminals are not a distinct group. b. Police have a limited ability to control crime. c. Protection of the process of justice is as important as crime control. d. Police are not public servants of those who commit crime.

Q: According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due process model operates? a. efficiency is a top priority b. there is a presumption of guilt c. protection of process is as important as protection of innocents d. emphasis is on speed and finality

Q: According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the crime control model operates? a. efficiency is rejected if it involves shortcuts b. protection of process is as important as protection of innocents c. a conveyor belt is the model for the system d. the coercive power of the state is always subject to abuse

Q: The crime control and due process models were developed by: a. Carl Klockars b. Herbert Packer c. Lawrence Sherman d. John Crank

Q: Crime control is an approach that is consistent with the following except: a. Criminals are the enemy. b. Police officers are soldiers in a war. c. Police officers serve all the people. d. Efficiency is a top priority.

Q: Describe Wilson and Brown's typologies of police and explain how each might perceive the role of discretion.

Q: Explain the forces that have had the effect of reducing police subculture.

Q: Describe Sherman's police "values."

Q: List and discuss Brown's typology of police styles. Discuss it compared to Muir's typology.

Q: Describe the elements of the formal code of ethics and contrast them with the values of the police subculture.

Q: Explain how the social contract is the source of police power and explain the elements or characteristics of policing that logically flow from such power.

Q: List and discuss Klockars' four elements of police control.

Q: Discuss what potential ethical issues arise with community policing. Why might community policing act as an "insulator" against unethical behavior?

Q: Compare and contrast the due process model and crime control model.

Q: Explain the public servant role and the crime fighter role and why the two may be inconsistent.

Q: Improper police behavior in the pursut of fighting crime, such as falsifying information to obtain a warrant, is known as _______________ corruption.

Q: An element of the police subculture is that some police see themselves as a _______, due in part to low pay.

Q: Because community policing results in more personal, one-on-one interaction between individual officers and members of the public, there is an increased likelihood of __________________.

Q: ___________ were divisions within some police departments that spied on organizations thought to be promoting socialism.

Q: The idea that just about any practices are allowed in the pursuit of crime control is justified by a _______________ view of ethics.

Q: The law enforcement approach whereby small violations and ordinances are enforced to the maximum with the expectation that this will reduce more serious crime is called the ________________________ policy.

Q: Since the police are paid from the public purse and are expected to serve the public good, they are considered ___________________.

Q: ________________ is the right, inherent in a role, to use any means to overcome resistance.

Q: The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance is called __________________.

Q: The term used to describe the use of physical power to overcome the will of another individual is ______________.

Q: The responsibilities that are attached to a specific role are called ______________.

Q: A perception that everyone is weak or corrupt is called ___________________.

Q: A program where officers and community members form partnership to prevent crime is called a ____________________ program.

Q: The term ____________________________ means to have the power to make a decision between two or more choices.

Q: An unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role is called ___________________.

Q: In the early days of American policing, the police performed social services such as housing indigents and running soup kitchens.

Q: "Testilying" is the practice of lying to a suspect in order to elicit information or a confession.

Q: A perception of the police officer as public servant implies a much more restrictive view of the use of force and police power.

Q: According to Packer's crime control model, one of the key principles is that repression of criminal behavior is more important than procedural justice.

Q: Loyalty to groups or persons is logical and based on fact, not emotion.

Q: Brown and Muir both included the "peacemaker" officer in their typologies.

Q: Muir's police types included the professional, the reciprocating officer, the enforcer, and the clean beat officer.

Q: Informal police subculture may be breaking down, in part because of police unions.

Q: Reuss-Ianni found that the informal subculture of police enforced the notion that managers were not to be trusted.

Q: According to Scheingold, the values of police subculture are like dominant American values, only they are more extreme.

Q: The four themes found in formal codes are fairness, service, importance of law, and continuing education.

Q: One problem critics have with The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics is that it is focused more directly on the public servant role, as opposed to the crime fighter role.

Q: The public service paradigm of policing is consistent with utilitarianism.

Q: What advice does Metz offer for leaders?

Q: What advice does Souryal offer to those who desire to be good leaders?

Q: List and discuss the necessary elements that Sherman identified for teaching ethics in criminal justice.

Q: Describe how organizations can become corrupt, according to Trautman's "Corruption Continuum."

Q: Describe and discuss Kohlberg's moral development theory. What problems do critics see with his theory?

Q: Describe Bandura's definition of self-regulation and discuss at least four of the ways it can be "turned off."

Q: Describe and discuss modeling and reinforcement and how they are related to moral development.

Q: Briefly explain how men and women differ in their moral development, according to the research presented in the text..

Q: What are the three basic approaches used to explain human behavior? Explain each.

Q: One who justifies unethical behavior by claiming to only be following orders is using Bandura's ________________________ method of cognitive restructuring.

Q: Research indicates that workers are more likely to make unethical choices when they are ________________.

Q: Gilligan found that most men analyze moral decisions with a rules or justice orientation (Stage 4), whereas many women see the same moral dilemma with an orientation toward _____________

Q: A person whose moral development has progressed to the point where he or she has moved beyond the norms of society to determine universal good is, according to Kohlberg, at the ____________ level.

Q: Pinker's concept of the ___________ refers to the idea that humans are naturally peaceful and altruistic.

Q: ______________________ are employees who expose what they believe to be wrongdoing or illegality in their organization.

Q: According to ___________________ theorists, the most effective way to change the ethics of a profession is to utilize rewards and punishments to change behaviors; that is, supervision and discipline are the vehicles to creating an ethical organization.

Q: Gilligan suggests women tend to approach moral dilemmas with an orientation emphasizing relationships and needs; she refers to this as the ________________________.

Q: ____________________ refers to a non-exclusive love and acceptance of everyone.

Q: Kohlberg's "moral stages" are ____________, meaning that each succeeding stage encompasses and is more comprehensive and complicated than the preceding stage.

Q: _____________________ theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.

Q: The term _____________________ refers to an individual's feeling of competence.

Q: Using words that downplay the seriousness of our actions is an example of ________________________.

Q: Sherman says that ethics courses relating to criminal justice should include understanding the morality of _____________, since this concept is intrinsic to the criminal justice system.

Q: _________________________ are "paper-and-pencil" tests that measure an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms.

Q: Albert Bandura is best-known for his theories regarding the biological factors that influence one's moral development.

Q: Kohlberg's research indicates that, while there are six stages of moral development, people pass through these stages in different orders, depending on their upbringing.

Q: Sherman suggests that coercion is a key element in criminal justice, so the moral issues related to coercion should be studied.

Q: The importance of Kohlberg's work is the link he makes between gender and moral development.