Q&A Hero

Q: Entrapment occurs when an otherwise innocent person commits an illegal act because of police encouragement or enticement.

Q: Research shows that having a black chief in charge of a police department seems to moderate the level of distrust of blacks in the community.

Q: A "CED" is a formal complaint procedure resulting from an incident of excessive force.

Q: Research indicates that use-of-force incidents are evenly distributed among all patrol officers.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court has defined legal force as the force which is objectively reasonable.

Q: Research indicates that lack of empathy and antisocial and paranoid tendencies are associated with police officers who use greater than average amounts of force.

Q: Deontological ethics would focus on the duty of the officer when determining whether physical coercion or deception is ethically justified.

Q: Thirteen convictions in death penalty cases in Illinois were later overturned when evidence indicated that the convicted might be innocent or, at the very least, did not receive due process.

Q: Schoeman, in criticizing the exploitation of personal relationships in undercover operations, argues from a utilitarian perspective.

Q: The fact that the suspect had a prior history of committing the same crime would be considered significant in the subjective test for entrapment.

Q: The use of informants is guided by CALEA standards.

Q: Police are required to divulge the name of the informant on affidavits for search warrants unless there is evidence that revealing the informant's identity would be dangerous.

Q: Telling a complainant that a tinfoil helmet will stop "gamma rays" from "messing up" his brain is an example of a police placebo lie.

Q: In asset forfeiture cases, most property is seized through civil asset forfeiture actions which require less due process than criminal procedures.

Q: The operation described in this case can be described as a(n) ____________. a. informal inquiry b. proactive investigation c. reactive investigation d. pretext investigation

Q: In this case, the FBI was under intense scrutiny from the public, which demanded a resolution to the investigation. This public pressure may have led to the premature naming of a suspect. When investigators are committed to a conclusion, they may be tempted to engage in "____________" corruption and alter evidence to ensure a conviction. a. blue-curtain b. reactive c. pretext d. noble-cause

Q: According to the author, the tendency to ignore contrary evidence or overstate existing evidence when investigators believe they have identified the guilty party is a practice of a. all investigators b. prejudiced or racist investigators c. ethical formalists d. utilitarian ends-oriented investigators

Q: The operation described in this case can be described as a(n) ____________.a. informal inquiryb. proactive investigationc. reactive investigationd. pretext investigation

Q: All of the following ethical systems would reject this plan, except a. utilitarianism b. ethical formalism c. religious ethics d. legalistic ethics

Q: In order to support such a plan from a utilitarian viewpoint, all of the following must be true, except: a. the process of undercover intelligence gathering must be a plausible way to achieve the desired outcome b. there must be no better alternative to achieve the goal of collecting the intelligence c. the gathering of this intelligence must be more important to society than the privacy of the people in the targeted groups d. the general community must be consulted and indicate its approval

Q: Research presented in the text indicates that while many people would oppose such a use of profiling for the purpose of drug interdiction, they would support the same process if it were a response to __________.a. terrorismb. court orderc. citizen suggestiond. prostitution

Q: The practice of stopping motorists who meet the profile for a minor infraction, with the hope of catching some in possession of methamphetamine, is known as: a. proactive investigation b. reactive investigation c. pretext stop d. Terry stop

Q: A citizen who objects to the Sheriff's plan points out that he might dismiss it as an "˜inconvenience" to innocent people, but that he would probably not agree that he himself and members of his family should be subjected to such suspicion and treatment. This citizen is making the ____________ argument against the policy. a. utilitarian b. pretext c. legalistic d. universality

Q: When challenged, Sheriff Johnson explained that the goal of protecting society by interdicting illegal drugs outweighs the inconvenience suffered by innocent people who may be stopped and harassed. This explanation represents which ethical system? a. Utilitarianism b. Universalism c. Ethics of care d. Ethical formalism

Q: According to research provided in the text, which of the following is not a factor associated with the use of force by police?a. Time of year (season)b. Suspect's mental illnessc. Suspect's gang membershipd. Presence of onlookers

Q: Which one of the following incidents is an example of deadly force? a. the Rodney King incident b. the Amadou Diallo incident c. the Abner Louima incident d. the Michael Mineo incident

Q: Which of the following statements about use-of-force statistics is false? a. It is difficult to determine the true number of incidents of excessive force because they often do not find their way into official statistics. b. Researchers use civil rights complaints to ask people what their experiences with police have been. c. Researchers use official documents, such as police incident reports, to help guide them. d. The vast majority of people believe that excessive force is used fairly frequently.

Q: The most common reasons for false convictions include all of the following EXCEPT: a. inaccurate reporting in the media b. false confessions c. inaccurate eyewitness identifications d. mishandled evidence

Q: The use of physical force to obtain a conviction became illegal with: a. Diaz v. Texas b. Bartley v. Montana c. Brown v. Mississippi d. Miranda v. Connecticut

Q: The classic father confessor approach to interrogations involves: a. physical force in the form of beatings to get a confession b. a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to c. a nice guy and a seemingly brutal, threatening officer d. a nice guy and a seemingly uncaring, withdrawn officer

Q: Which of the following statements about interrogations is true? a. the "third degree" approach involves a sympathetic paternal figure for the defendant to confide to b. the "third degree" is only used in extreme cases c. the "third degree" is no longer legitimate d. the father confessor approach typically involves physical force

Q: In terms of undercover operations, ethical formalism would most likely: a. condemn undercover operations where innocent people are deceived because the actions could not be justified under the categorical imperative. b. support undercover operations even if innocent people are deceived or involved in any other way. c. support undercover operations under any circumstances. d. allow undercover operations only if the general community supported them at that time.

Q: The continuum-of-force approach allows the officer to. a. overwhelm the suspect with force to deter resistance. b. employ increasing levels of force in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect. c. call for assistance from additional officers if a suspect is unruly. d. remain at a safe distance from a violent suspect until backup arrives.

Q: According to the objective approach, if the state provided an "essential element" that made the crime possible, or if there was extensive and coercive pressure on the defendant to engage in criminal actions, a court might rule that: a. the defendant was guilty b. the case can move to the trail stage c. entrapment had occurred d. entrapment had not occurred

Q: Which approach to determine entrapment has the U.S. Supreme Court endorsed? a. the objective approach b. the subjective approach c. the combined approach d. the U.S. Supreme Court has not endorsed any approach as of yet

Q: The _____________________ approach looks at the defendant's background, character, and predisposition toward crime to determine if entrapment occurred. a. secondary b. objective c. subjective d. primary

Q: The _______________________ approach examines the government's participation and whether it has exceeded accepted legal standards to determine in entrapment occurred. a. secondary b. objective c. subjective d. primary

Q: There are two approaches used to determine whether entrapment has occurred: a. the primary and the secondary approaches b. the objective and the subjective approaches c. the before- and after-the-fact approaches d. whether entrapment has occurred cannot be determined

Q: The term entrapment refers to when an otherwise innocent person commits an illegal act because: a. of police encouragement or enticement. b. they were told by police that it was not against the law. c. he or she was forced to do so by a police officer. d. they were trapped in the location.

Q: According to South, some of the ethical problems with informants include all except: a. engaging in love affairs with informants b. overestimates of veracity c. being used by informants d. informant being killed

Q: The strongest ethical argument against undercover officers having intimate relationships with suspects comes from: a. utilitarianism b. ethical formalism c. ethics of care d. religion

Q: Which of the following statements is true? a. One of the biggest problems with informants is that their reliability is highly questionable. b. In most cases, officers have manufactured informants. c. Generally speaking, informants tend to be cost-prohibitive. d. "Confidential informants" are usually more trustworthy than witnesses.

Q: Civilians who are used to obtain information about criminal activity and/or participate in it so evidence can be obtained for an arrest are called: a. snitch b. informants c. tattlers d. witness

Q: In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, deviant lies are: a. those that are "necessary evils" b. used to control the person c. those used during undercover investigations d. those used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing

Q: Which of the following is not included in Barker and Carter's typology of lies? a. Accepted Lies b. Deviant Lies c. Normative Lies d. Tolerated Lies

Q: According to Klockars, lying to a mentally ill person by telling him/her that the police will take care of laser beams from Mars is an example of: a. blue lies b. deviant lies c. police placebos d. tolerated lies

Q: Lies that are used to control the person or to make the job easier in situations where force could be used are called: a. deviant lies b. blue lies c. tolerated lies d. accepted lies

Q: According to Barker and Carter, accepted lies must meet all of the following standards except: a. they must be in furtherance of a legitimate organizational purpose. b. there must be a clear relationship between the need to deceive and the accomplishment of an organizational purpose. c. the nature of the deception must be one wherein officers and the management structure acknowledge that deception will better serve the public interest than the truth. d. those involved in the lie must readily admit lying if prompted by a superior officer or legal authority.

Q: In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, tolerated lies are: a. those that are "necessary evils" b. used to control the person c. those used during undercover investigations d. never acceptable in police work

Q: Barker and Carter proposed a typology of lies that included: a. deviant lies b. blue lies c. necessary lies d. placebo lies

Q: In Barker and Carter's typology of lies, accepted lies are: a. those that are "necessary evils" b. used to control the person c. those used during undercover investigations d. never acceptable in police work

Q: "The "˜end" of drug interdiction justifies the "˜means' of harassing and inconveniencing a racial or ethnic minority group." This statement is most likely to be supported by: a. an ethical formalist system b. a utilitarian system c. a relativist system d. a rational system

Q: In May 2010, Arizona passed a controversial law requiring police officers in the state to: a. ask for proof of citizenship or residency from everyone they stopped b. ask for proof of citizenship or residency from all motorists c. ask for proof of citizenship or residency if there was reasonable suspicion that the person was an illegal immigrant d. ask for proof of citizenship or residency if the person looked Hispanic

Q: Which of the following statements is false? a. Most studies indicate that blacks express more distrust of police than whites or Hispanics. b. Blacks are more likely than Hispanics to believe police will use excessive force. c. More blacks report disrespectful language or swearing by police officers. d. Hispanics are less likely than blacks to report feeling that the police would treat them fairly.

Q: Cohen and Feldberg believe that the justification for police power comes from natural law.

Q: The crime control paradigm of policing is most consistent with ethical formalism.

Q: If the chief institutes a policy to help officers with stress, anger, or substance abuse, rather than seek to terminate or punish them, this policy would be consistent with: a. blue curtain b. ethics of care c. noble cause d. managerial discretion

Q: According to the text, all of the following methods would help the new chief weaken the existing subculture EXCEPT: a. Work with the police union to address officer issues b. Emphasize formal ethics training in the police academy c. Increase diversity in the force through new hires d. Use less severe punishments for officer misconduct

Q: The suspect does file a complaint with Internal Affairs, and Ted is questioned about the incident. Ted tells the investigator that he observed nothing out of the ordinary: when he arrived at the scene the suspect was in custody and Roland was reading him his rights. This is an example of:a. the blue curtain of secrecyb. discretionc. persuasiond. "dilemma of duty"

Q: Ted chooses not to report his partner. He arrived at this decision by deciding that the greater good is served by preserving the rapist's conviction, rather than risk losing it due to an excessive force complaint. Ted does believe that Roland acted improperly, but decides that the community is better off if the rapist is incarcerated than if a complaint is pursued against an otherwise excellent officer. Ted's decision is consistent with: a. utilitarianism b. ethical formalism c. ethics of care d. zero tolerance

Q: If the chief wants to pursue an intelligence-led policing strategy, he would:a. Require his officers to obtain bachelor's degreesb. Improve relations with the local mediac. Increase surveillance of known criminal organizationsd. Research successful police methods from other cities

Q: If the chief invests in new technologies such as GIS mapping software and data analysis tools, in order to better deploy police resources, this would be known as: a. A "˜zero tolerance" policy b. An intelligence-based strategy c. Predictive policing d. Community policing

Q: If the new chief issues orders requiring patrol officers to issue citations or make arrests for any observed infraction, no matter how minor, this would be consistent with: a. A "˜zero tolerance" policy b. An intelligence-based strategy c. Predictive policing d. Community policing

Q: Assume the new chief sets up a D.A.R.E. program with the local schools, orders 25% of his patrol officers to switch to foot patrol, and sets up a citizen's advisory board. These actions would be consistent with: a. A "˜zero tolerance" policy b. An intelligence-based strategy c. Predictive policing d. Community policing

Q: The law enforcement approach first implemented when William Bratton was police chief in New York City in the 1990s is called:a. community policingb. "safe for tourists" zonec. zero-tolerance policyd. blue wall of integrity

Q: Which of the following statements about police subculture is false? a. increasing diversity of police recruits has eliminated the social homogeneity of the workforce b. civil litigation has increased the risk of covering for another officer c. decreasing crime rates have reduced the need for a "code of silence" d. police unions have contributed to the weakening of the police subculture

Q: Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except: a. integrated loyalty b. personal loyalty c. institutional loyalty d. fragmented loyalty

Q: Another name for the code of silence or the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions is: a. the blue wall b. the blue curtain of secrecy c. the green wall of silence d. the blue code

Q: The informal values of police have been said to include which of the following? a. Cynicism b. Loyalty c. Force d. All these are informal values of police

Q: The four major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement include all except: a. fairness b. personal conduct c. service d. education

Q: In Brown's typology of police styles, which type of officer emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks? a. the professional-style officer b. the service-style officer c. the clean-beat officer d. the old-style crime fighter

Q: In Muir's typology of police styles, the reciprocator: a. used coercion exclusively b. avoided situations where they might be challenged c. balanced coercion with compassion d. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

Q: In Brown's typology of police styles, the old-style crime fighters: a. are concerned only with action that might be considered crime control b. avoided situations where they might be challenged c. balanced coercion with compassion d. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

Q: In Muir's typology of police styles, the professional: a. used coercion exclusively b. avoided situations where they might be challenged c. balanced coercion with compassion d. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

Q: Muir's typology of police styles includes: a. The professional b. The avoider c. The enforcer d. The watchman

Q: Wilson described types of police as including all except: a. legalistic b. service c. watchman d. caretaker

Q: ___________________ is different from the other three means of control in that it is physical. a. Force b. Authority c. Discretion d. Persuasion

Q: Cohen and Feldberg propose five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract. Which of the following is not one of these five principles? a. fair access b. punishment c. teamwork d. decentralization

Q: Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract between society and the individuals. Which of the following is not one of these standards? a. Teamwork b. Objectivity c. Equality d. Fair access

Q: Cohen and Feldberg include all of the following as ethical standards derived from the social contract except: a. safety and security b. efficiency c. fair access d. teamwork