Q&A Hero

Q: An operation in which a police officer is placed in a position where he or she might be tempted to break a rule or a law and is monitored to see what he or she will do is known as a "graft check."

Q: Greene's study showed that the area an officer patrols is associated with the likelihood of receiving discipline, complaints, or becoming involved in police shootings.

Q: Police officers with criminal records for sexual offenses are prevented from obtaining law enforcement positions in other jurisdictions.

Q: According to a 2006 study of police in New York City, the most common reason for termination was a failed drug test.

Q: All American police departments have strict "no gratuities" policies.

Q: Gilmartin and Harris coined the term "continuum of compromise."

Q: Noble-cause corruption is a type of organizational level explanation for police deviance.

Q: Research shows that there is no relation between an officer's level of education and the number of citizen complaints received.

Q: In Macintyre and Prenzler's study of whether police officers would issue a ticket to a business owner who gave them gratuities, less than half said they would issue the ticket.

Q: A gift is different from a gratuity.

Q: Kania believes that every officer goes through a slippery slope where small lapses lead to larger acts of corruption.

Q: In the international study of police integrity, officers in the United States rated bribery as the most serious form of misconduct.

Q: Transparency International finds that the country with the highest integrity scores for their law enforcement agencies include the United States.

Q: In the NYC study, it was found that women were much less likely than men to be fired for cause.

Q: Studies indicate that gratuities do not influence the way that officers patrol.

Q: You draft recommendations to improve the hiring process. You advise the chief that one particular category of recruits was more likely to be terminated during probation. Which group is this? a. Female recruits b. Recruits with only a high-school diploma c. Recruits with military experience d. Recruits under the age of 22.

Q: After reviewing the reports of officer misconduct, you determine that they seem to be individual acts for the most part. You recommend an improved screening process, random integrity tests, and a process of reviewing use-of-force reports in order to detect possible warning signs. This approach is known as a __________________ response. a. rotten apple b. rotten barrel c. consent decree d. "Big Five"

Q: The chief explains that the department has its own section dedicated to monitoring the department's officers and investigating complaints. This is known as a. the self-policing model b. the internal affairs model c. a consent decree d. the "rotten barrel" scenario

Q: Assume that the waitress at the diner was new, and did not know about Officer Jones' arrangement with the owner. She brought a check for the food and coffee, and Officer Jones grudgingly paid. Because the choice of the diner was motivated by Officer Jones' desire for a free meal, ____________ would consider his actions immoral even though he paid.a. universalityb. ethical formalismc. utilitarianismd. teleological ethics

Q: Let's assume that the driver turned out to be an undercover police officer who was engaged in surveillance. Jones intended at first to write a citation. However, when he found out the driver was an officer, he decided to let him go, so that the undercover officer would not have attention drawn to him while Jones wrote the citation. Jones decided that letting the officer go would best serve the greater good. This would be consistent with: a. universality b. professional courtesy c. utilitarianism d. deontology

Q: In the above example regarding the driver who ran the red light, we could say that Jones' actions were unethical because he had a duty to enforce the law. This viewpoint would be consistent with a ______________ ethical system. a. deontological b. teleological c. ethics of care d. ethics of virtue

Q: If any of these examples were arranged specifically to observe Officer Jones to see how he would react to an opportunity for misconduct, the activity would be an example of a:a. graft check.b. corruption review.c. random integrity test.d. targeted integrity test.

Q: While on patrol, Officer Jones notices a car that is parked illegally. He uses his cell phone to call a towing company, identifying himself as a "friend" on the phone. When the tow truck arrives, the driver thanks Officer Jones for calling in the job, and discreetly hands him a twenty-dollar bill. This is an example of: a. graft. b. gratuity. c. abuse of power. d. professional courtesy.

Q: At break time, you and Officer Jones stop for coffee and a snack at a local diner. When it is time to return to patrol, you are surprised to see Officer Jones get up and leave without paying. He explains that the owner of the diner doesn"t charge police officers, which is why he chose that particular diner. This is an illustration of: a. graft. b. gratuity. c. abuse of power. d. professional courtesy.

Q: While on patrol, Officer Jones stops a car for speeding and running a red light. You observe the interaction between Officer Jones and the driver. Jones allows the driver to leave without penalty. When you ask why he gave the driver a break, Jones tells you that the driver turned out to be a fellow police officer. By letting him go without a citation, Jones has demonstrated which type of corruption? a. Graft b. Gratuity c. Abuse of power d. Professional courtesy

Q: Lack of background checks, poor internal discipline procedures, and poor supervision are all examples of what type of explanations for police deviance?a. Societalb. Organizationalc. Individuald. Philosophical

Q: The "rotten bushel" explanation is which type of explanation for police deviance? a. Societal b. Organizational c. Individual d. Philosophical

Q: Research on excessive force finds that: a. It is a widespread problem. b. It seems to be an activity that is disproportionally engaged in by a small number. c. It is increasing. d. It is particularly a problem in the south.

Q: In his "corruption continuum," Trautman argues that organizations create unethical employees through several steps. Which of the following is not one of these steps? a. ignoring obvious ethical problems b. perceived sense of victimization c. survival of the fittest d. hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture

Q: According to the text, explanations of corruption include all of the following except: a. individual explanations b. institutional explanations c. sub-cultural explanations d. systemic explanations

Q: The Buddy Boys operated in which city? a. New York b. L.A. c. Boston d. Detroit

Q: In studies of sexual harassment, what percent of female officers reported being victimized? a. 30 percent b. 70 percent c. 10 percent d. 50 percent

Q: Graft is defined as the exploitation of one's role by: a. utilizing excessive force while arresting someone b. utilizing excessive force to obtain a confession c. accepting free coffee from convenience stores d. accepting bribes or protection money

Q: According to Carter, the elements of police work that can lead to drug use include all of the following except: a. exposure to a criminal element b. time spent in traffic patrol duties c. relative freedom from supervision d. uncontrolled availability of contraband

Q: In Barker and Carter's study, they found that up to what percent of police may have used drugs on duty? a. 20 b. 2 c. 10 d. 40

Q: Which of the following is not considered graft? a. bribes b. protection money c. taking merchandize from a crime scene d. rewards for referring certain bail bondsmen

Q: The practice of not ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations is called: a. blue gratuity b. professional gift c. professional courtesy d. blue graft

Q: An important distinction between a gift and a gratuity is that a gift is: a. clearly given with expectations of reciprocity b. clearly given with no strings attached c. something that can only be given to an off duty police officer d. something that is received from someone recently arrested

Q: The two major arguments against gratuities are the slippery slope argument and the: a. anti-utilitarian argument b. blue erosion argument c. unjust enrichment argument d. anti-bribe argument

Q: Kania believes that gratuities should be allowed because: a. officers don"t make much money. b. they cement social bonds. c. they are in payment for special services. d. they are without cost.

Q: Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver are called: a. pay offs b. gratuities c. bribes d. rewards

Q: According to Fyfe and Kane, on-duty abuse is: a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit c. simple failure to meet expectations d. violating one or more departmental rules

Q: According to Fyfe and Kane, conduct-related probationary failures is: a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit c. simple failure to meet job expectations d. violating one or more departmental rules

Q: Fyfe and Kane discuss three types of police misconduct including all of the following except: a. police crime b. police corruption c. abuse of power d. abuse of authority

Q: Which of the following is not one of the "Big Five" personality traits? a. punctuality b. extroversion c. openness d. conscientiousness

Q: Some new officers experience cynicism when they encounter citizen disrespect, bureaucratic barriers, and the realities of the justice system. This can lead them to distrust the department's administration and the citizens of the community, leaving them more prone to corruption. This process is known as the a. spiral of cynicism b. disillusionment process c. chain of corruption d. continuum of compromise

Q: According to Barker and Carter, unlawful searchers or seizures are examples of which of the following types of abuse? a. physical abuse b. psychological abuse c. legal abuse d. sexual abuse

Q: According to Barker and Carter, harassment and ridicule are examples of which of the following types of abuse? a. physical abuse b. psychological abuse c. legal abuse d. sexual abuse

Q: Barker and Carter proposed that police abuse of authority comes in all of the following areas except: a. physical abuse b. psychological abuse c. legal abuse d. sexual abuse

Q: A study of police ethics around the world revealed that in the United States, the offense considered most serious by the officers surveyed was: a. accepting bribes b. accepting kickbacks c. stealing from a crime scene d. lying under oath

Q: The term grass eaters refers to police officers in: a. New York City officers who accepted bribes, gratuities and protection money b. Boston officers who sold their services to the highest bidders c. Los Angeles officers who "shopped" at burglary scenes d. Chicago officers who used marijuana on a regular basis

Q: The Knapp Commission coined the term "grass eaters" to refer to officers who did all of the following except: a. took offered bribes b. took offered gratuities c. picked up merchandise at a crime scene d. accepted unsolicited protection money

Q: According to the text, citizens from which country report trusting their police more any other professional group? a. Denmark b. Canada c. Britain d. Finland

Q: In terms of police corruption, the so-called "Queensland model" has become the most well-known: a. ethical model b. integrity model c. utilitarian model d. critical model

Q: The term Baksheesh is a euphemism for: a. bribes b. protection money c. graft d. rewards

Q: List and discuss the psychological traits associated with officers that are likely to use excessive force.

Q: Compare and contrast the "third degree," the father confessor," and the "good cop/bad cop" approaches to police investigations.

Q: Define and describe what is meant by "˜reactive investigations." Give an example.

Q: Explain the constitutional issues associated with ethnic or racial profiling.

Q: List and discuss the two approaches used to determine whether entrapment has occurred. Give an example of each.

Q: List and describe the ethical problems of using informants summarized by South.

Q: Explain some of the reasons why an innocent suspect might confess to a crime.

Q: List and discuss the types of police lies described by Klockars. Give examples.

Q: List and discuss the three standards that accepted lies must meet.

Q: _______________ are especially prone to psychological manipulation.

Q: In ____________ police investigations, police officers initiate investigations rather than simply respond to crimes.

Q: _______________ was the landmark Supreme Court case that resulted in the requirement of prosecutors to disclose potentially exculpatory information to the defense.

Q: A "____________" refers to the practice of police officers to use some minor traffic offense to stop the individual and, in the course of the traffic stop, look for evidence of wrongdoing.

Q: _______________ is the type of control that allows police officers to use non"physically coercive means to achieve their goal, including the use of deception.

Q: The _________________ approach allows proportional force to the suspect's resistance, with increasing levels of force by the officer in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect.

Q: The frequency of use--of--force events varied by region, with the highest in the _____________.

Q: The Supreme Court held that the test used for whether or not force was excessive should be "___________________."

Q: ________ - oriented thinking is a type of utilitarian thinking.

Q: When forensics labs "make up" scientific results it is referred to as __________________.

Q: The _______________________ of entrapment is a test that determines an offender's predisposition to commit a crime to determine if the police created the crime.

Q: The term _______________ refers to a situation where an otherwise innocent person is enticed or encouraged by police to commit a crime.

Q: ________________________ are civilians who are used to obtain information about criminal activity and/or participate in it so that evidence can be obtained for an arrest.

Q: Klockars' concept of ___________________ refers situations in which the police office's lie is in the best interest of those being lied to.

Q: ____________________, as defined by Klockar, are lies that are told to make a job easier or to control a person.

Q: Most ethical dilemmas that police officers face derive from their powers of discretion.