Q&A Hero

Q: During the early 1970s there was an era called the _______________ where many correctional programs were established and there was a belief that corrections could successfully change offenders.

Q: Sometimes correctional officers have the power to do things that they don"t have the ___________________________ to do.

Q: Institutional correctional personnel can be divided into two groups: correctional officers and their supervisors and ________________________.

Q: Surprisingly, researchers have found that correctional officers, despite the stressful nature of their occupation, do not experience alcoholism or divorce any more frequently than the rest of American society.

Q: In the case of Hudson v. McMillan, the Supreme Court found that an injury inflicted upon an inmate only rises to the level of unconstitutionality if it can be considered a "serious" injury.

Q: A correctional officer who smuggles contraband into the prison for an inmate is known as a "mule."

Q: The Prison Litigation Reform Act made it easier for inmates to file lawsuits by removing the time limits that previously were used to reject lawsuits.

Q: The prisoners' rights era of the 1970s gave way to the "due deference" era of today, where courts are more apt to defer to prison officials.

Q: Children of inmates are ten times more likely to be delinquent.

Q: According to a Justice Department study in 2002, 85 percent of inmates were charged with at least one serious crime within three years of being released.

Q: Probation and parole officers don"t have to deal with the issue of gratuities.

Q: Faith-based treatment programs have shown no evidence of reduced recidivism.

Q: According to Haag, one of the ethical issues of treatment professionals in prisons is the issue of "informed consent."

Q: An egoistic rationalization would be that a favor done for the inmate may result in benefit to the officer because the inmate owes him.

Q: Jail officers face unique challenges due to the transitory nature of the jail population.

Q: Arguably, jail officers have a more difficult job than CO's in prisons, partly due to the fact that jails have more frequent visitations.

Q: The practice of reciprocity is supported by formal correctional ethics.

Q: The rehabilitative era took place in the 1980s.

Q: In the end, the court rejects your case. The court's decision is consistent with the concept of ______________________ which allows prison administration latitude to establish policy as it sees fit. a. Reciprocity b. institutional autonomy c. due deference d. retribution

Q: Despite the discouragement, you proceed with your lawsuit anyway. Your position is that the law requires the institution to prove that a ______________________________ exists between prison policies or procedures and the correctional goal of safety and security. a. "rational relationship" b. "clear correlation" c. "legal connection" d. "contractual obligation"

Q: Your research in the prison law library is discouraging. You discover that a 1996 law called _______________________ drastically curtailed the ability of inmates to file lawsuits. a. The Correctional Procedures Act b. The Inmate Tort Limitation Act c. The Prison Litigation Reform Act d. Three Strikes Law

Q: In the end, the inmate refuses to consent to medication but you have determined that it is medically necessary for the inmate's safety and well-being that he be given the medication. According to the Supreme Court decision in Washington v. Harper, which of the following is correct?a. Forcible administration of medication in this case would be unconstitutionalb. Due process requires you to present your case to a judge and obtain an order to provide the medicationc. You must obtain written permission from the inmate's legal representative or next of kind. Forcible administration of medication in this case would be constitutional

Q: Your session with the inmate has left you convinced that the inmate has the intention of attacking his cellmate. You are faced with a dilemma. As a professional, you are committed to patient confidentiality, and the inmate has not given you permission to share anything that he told you. At the same time, you recognize that the cellmate's safety is at risk. Your dilemma is resolved by the ______________ rule, which states that you would be liable if you fail to act and the cellmate is harmed. a. Washington b. Tarasoff c. Harper d. Ruiz

Q: After meeting with the inmate you determine that he is in need of medication to control his psychosis. You are concerned that the inmate is unable to provide _______________ for the treatment, which challenges your professional ethics. a. legal permission b. informed consent c. financial payment d. a compelling reason

Q: To decide how you will act, you consider the ethical systems that might apply to the situation. If you decide to refuse the inmate's request because you believe your duty to your job requires you to follow the rules completely, which ethical system would this illustrate?a. ethical formalismb. utilitarianismc. ethics of cared. teleological ethics

Q: To decide how you will act, you consider the ethical systems that might apply to the situation. If you decide to provide the dental floss because you believe it will alleviate the inmate's suffering, even though it means breaking the rules, which ethical system would this illustrate? a. ethical formalism b. utilitarianism c. ethics of care d. teleological ethics

Q: Another officer, a veteran, sees that you have retrieved dental floss and asks what you intend to do with it. After you explain, he warns that it is not a good idea. Sometimes a seemingly innocent request to break the rules turns out to just be the start, and once you have broken the rules, the inmate has something to hold over you. This can lead to more and more problematic requests and demands. This process is known as: a. slippery slope b. officer accommodation c. cycle of obligation d. reciprocity

Q: You are inclined to provide the dental floss. After all, this inmate has never given you trouble, and in fact you think that he might be helpful in the future when it comes to relations with troublesome inmates. Such a relationship would illustrate the concept of: a. officer accommodation b. "blind eye" c. informal give-and-take d. reciprocity

Q: According to a Justice Department study that tracked 272,111 released inmates in 15 states, which of the following statements is false?a. men are more likely than women to recidivateb. blacks are more likely to recidivate than whitesc. young people are more likely to recidivate than older offendersd. offenders with the highest recidivism rates are more likely to include rapists

Q: Which of the following is a main difference between probation officers and parole officers? a. Parole officers are paid less. b. Parole officers are more highly educated. c. Parole officers generally supervise an older population. d. Parole officers are more service-oriented.

Q: According to Souryal's typology, the type of officer who goes "by the book" is called the: a. punitive law enforcer b. bureaucratic paper pusher c. welfare/therapeutic practitioner d. passive time server

Q: According to Souryal's typology, the type of officer who does the bare minimum on the job to stay out of trouble is called the: a. punitive law enforcer b. bureaucratic paper pusher c. welfare/therapeutic practitioner d. passive time server

Q: According to Souryal's typology, which type of probation and parole officers may violate professional ethics in not performing duties associated with the role? a. punitive law enforcer b. bureaucratic paper pusher c. welfare/therapeutic practitioner d. passive time server

Q: According to Souryal's typology, the type of probation or parole officer who has a tendency to use illegal threats and violate the due-process protections of his/her clients, is called the: a. punitive law enforcer b. bureaucratic paper pusher c. welfare/therapeutic practitioner d. passive time observer

Q: According to Souryal's typology, which type of probation and parole officers may need to think about natural law rights of privacy and autonomy? a. punitive law enforcer b. bureaucratic paper pusher c. welfare/therapeutic worker d. passive time server

Q: According to Souryal's typology, which type of probation and parole officers may need to examine his or her use of authority? a. punitive law enforcer b. bureaucratic paper pusher c. welfare/therapeutic worker d. passive time server

Q: Which of the following is not one of Souryal's types of probation and parole officers? a. punitive law enforcer b. bureaucratic paper pusher c. welfare/therapeutic worker d. passive time server

Q: Which of the following statements is false? a. Parole board members or their designees make decisions regarding release b. Probation officers write presentence reports to help judges decide sentences c. Probation and parole officers have the authority and power to recommend revocation d. Parole officers generally deal with younger, less serious offenders than probation officers.

Q: Which of the following about probation is false? a. discretion in probation exists at the point of sentencing b. discretion exists during supervision c. discretion is limited to police officers and judges d. discretion is present when probation officers decide to file violation reports

Q: Which of the following is true regarding a probation or parole officer's power to recommend revocation: a. the officer makes a recommendation only b. the officer instructs the judge, who must issue an order according to the officer's decision c. the officer decides whether or not to revoke, and no further court action is required d. none of the above is correct

Q: Faith-based programs are: a. unconstitutional b. constitutional only if no state money is used c. shown to have reduced recidivism d. only allowed if they are Christian in nature

Q: The __________ rule specifies that treatment professionals do have legal duties to third persons if they have cause to reasonably believe that one of their clients is going to harm that person. a. Tarosoff b. Souryal c. Glaser d. Watergate

Q: Which of the following is not one of the ethical dilemmas of prison psychologists discussed by Haag? a. Informed consent b. Assessment c. Confidentiality d. Anonymity

Q: In Washington v. Harper the U.S. Supreme ruled that: a. the administration of antipsychotic drugs to unwilling inmates is not unconstitutional b. the administration of antipsychotic drugs to unwilling inmates is unconstitutional c. the administration of any drugs to inmates in general is unconstitutional d. the administration of any psychiatric plan of care to any inmates is unconstitutional

Q: Which of the following is an ethical dilemma often faced by treatment staff in correctional facilities? a. Whether to provide treatment to people who do not want it b. How to reconcile the duty to treat a patient with the duty to maintain security c. Keeping patient records confidential while also responding to any threats of violence d. All of these are ethical dilemmas faced by treatment staff

Q: Without a strong moral and ethical code, correctional officers may find themselves drifting into: a. egoistic pragmatism b. relativistic pragmatism c. egoistic utilitarianism d. egoistic relativism

Q: Inmates and correctional officers agree that all of these traits are characteristics of a good officer except: a. consistency b. fairness c. flexibility d. loyalty

Q: In the 1980s, victimization of inmates by correctional officers decreased, but was followed by a rise in: a. violence from racial gangs b. the use of solitary confinement as a punishment c. escapes d. inmate violence toward officers

Q: In __________________ the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with a case involving a inmate who had been forced to sit in a chair while two officers hit him in the head and chest area, with a lieutenant looking on. a. Diaz v. Martinez b. Gomez v. Glenn c. Hamdin v. Grouch d. Hudson v. McMillian

Q: The Tucker Telephone was associated with a prison in: a. Texas b. Arkansas c. California d. Mississippi

Q: "Lessons" taught to inmates by Texas prison guards that involved verbal humiliation, profanity, shoves, kicks, and head and body slaps were known as:a. evening the scoreb. reciprocityc. tune-upsd. give-backs

Q: In the 2011 case of Brown v. Plata, the Supreme Court ordered California to release prisoners if: a. the state could not guarantee that all correctional officers had received the proper amount of training b. the state could not bring the level of medical care up to a constitutional standard c. individual prisons exceeded 100% intended capacity d. the laws regarding marijuana possession changed

Q: Which of the following is not one of the types of officers identified by R. Johnson? a. Counselors b. Time-servers c. The violence-prone d. Physicians

Q: The interdependence that may develop between correctional officers and inmates that is characterized by favoritism is called: a. Pluralistic ignorance b. Reciprocity c. "Trickle down" supervision d. Hostile loyalty

Q: The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 (PLRA): a. drastically curtailed the ability of inmates to file lawsuits b. drastically curtailed the ability of correctional facilities to file lawsuits against inmates c. drastically increased inmates' ability to file lawsuits d. drastically increased attorney's fees

Q: The prisoners' rights era of the 1970s gave way to the ________________ era of today, where courts are more apt to defer to prison officials. a. "correctional officers' rights" b. "old new-way" c. "due deference" d. "restorative deference"

Q: "Correctional officer" is the term that replaced the old label of: a. watchman b. keeper c. sentinel d. guard

Q: Which criminal justice professional has authority similar to that of the correctional officer? a. Prosecutor b. Judge c. police officer d. bailiff

Q: What are the ways in which prison is harmful?

Q: What are some ethical problems with treatment?

Q: How would Bentham defend punishment? Contrast that position with Kant's position.

Q: Support three-strike laws through a retributive rationale and then through a utilitarian rationale.

Q: What are Mackie's three types of retribution? Compare and contrast them.

Q: Defend the rationales of punishment through the use of the ethical systems.

Q: Define punishment and then discuss the major rationales of punishment.

Q: Megan's Law and Jessica's Law require states to create _________________ and to make them available to the public.

Q: Society's urge to react in a hostile manner to harm (crime) is an element inherent in human nature; therefore, one might say that punishment is a ____________ law.

Q: The term "________________" refers to the architecture and policies of supermax prisons that are structured to employ more and more punishment to the inmates inside.

Q: In Roper v. Simmons, the Supreme Court held that executing _____________ offenders would be cruel and unusual and would violate the Eighth Amendment.

Q: Since the research on deterrence is mixed, _______________ can be used to both justify and oppose capital punishment.

Q: The idea that the majority misperceive the prevalence of a belief because of a vocal minority is called __________________.

Q: __________________ is a slang term used to describe an officer who is sympathetic toward inmates.

Q: The _______________________ or habitual offender laws are justified by the prediction that previous offenders will commit future crimes.

Q: A slang term used by both officers and inmates which refers to informing practices is ____________________.

Q: ______________________ is a form of punishment that results in the offender feeling cast aside and abandoned by his or her community.

Q: The term _______________________ refers to Braithwaite's idea that some type of punishment can lead to a reduction of recidivism as long as it is not banishment and induces healthy shame in the individual.

Q: Fogel's idea that the punishment of an individual should be limited by the seriousness of the crime although treatment could be offered is referred to as the _____________ model.

Q: The __________________ defined by von Hirsch stated that the punishment of the individual should be purely retributive and balanced to the seriousness of the crime.

Q: The term __________ refers to atonement for a wrong to achieve a state of grace.

Q: The term ____________________ refers to anything used to induce behavioral change with the goal to eliminate dysfunctional or deviant behavior and to encourage productive and normal behavior patterns.