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Criminal Law
Q:
Regarding the standard measure of the level of police protection
a. it is computed by dividing the annual number of crimes by the number of sworn officers
b. the figure is meaningless because it does not tell us how departments utilize their officers
c. the police/population ratio is consistent nationwide due to a federal mandate
d. research indicates that the larger number of sworn officers per 1,000 population, the safer the city
Q:
One of the myths about policing is that
a. patrol is the backbone of policing
b. single-officer patrols are most efficient
c. hiring more police means more patrol officers will be on the street
d. police create a phantom effect
Q:
The idea of putting more police on the street is very popular witha. conservatives b. Caucasians d. all of the abovee. none of the abovec. African Americans
Q:
Providing suspects with a Miranda warning results in a net effect of a significant loss of convictions.
Q:
Felony suspects are typically young, well educated, and savvy at manipulating bureaucracies.
Q:
Despite the Miranda warning a substantial proportion of suspects waive their rights and confess to police.
Q:
There is reason to believe that the exclusionary rule has professionalized police.
Q:
The majority of arrests are made by detectives who solve the crime based on leads from the victim or a witness.
Q:
Problem-oriented policing is a get tough approach to policing characterized by a short burst of intensive law enforcement involving many arrests of "problem" people.
Q:
Faster response time would not produce more arrests because police are called to few crimes in progress.
Q:
Crackdowns are a modern innovative policing strategy that are focused and draw on partnerships with noncriminal justice agencies.
Q:
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol experiment proved that the level of police patrol correlates to a deterrent effect.
Q:
The police-population ratio is meaningless as a measure of police effectiveness.
Q:
Nationally, there are 2.2 sworn officers per 1,000 people in the United States.
Q:
Defend the argument that the Miranda warning has not reduced confessions.
Q:
Appraise the argument that the exclusionary rule handcuffs police.
Q:
Summarize the reasons why more police might not enhance the deterrent effect.
Q:
Explain how carefully planned and focused policing strategies can be successful in reducing crime and disorder. Provide an example.
Q:
Defend the argument that simply hiring more police will not reduce crime using findings from the Kansas City and Newark studies.
Q:
One reason that suspects often cooperate with the police is that the typical robbera. believes that cooperation will avert arrestb. is searching for approvalc. is impulsive and disorganizedd. is crafty and manipulative
Q:
According to Walker, suspects may waive their Miranda rights because they
a. are skilled at manipulating the criminal justice system
b. feel they have been wrongfully arrested
c. feel guilty or hope to get a better deal in a plea bargain
d. are intoxicated
Q:
Research on Miranda in operation shows that many suspects __________ their Miranda rights.
a. clearly understand
b. acted on
c. demanded protection for
d. waived
Q:
Describe the variance between different estimates of annual offending rates.
Q:
Compare and contrast the relative accuracy of predictions made in the various studies in the chapter along with the accuracy of judges in predicting chronic offending.
Q:
Summarize the studies that have sought to assess the accuracy of predictions regarding criminal behavior, and note which prediction methods were used in each study.
Q:
Distinguish between a criminal career and career criminal. Include in your answer the terms and concepts, along with their definitions, that help in determining this difference.
Q:
Compare and contrast Wolgang's cohort study with Shannon's cohort studies.
Q:
Regarding the practical consequences of estimating annual offending rates to calculate the amount of crime reduction we will geta. if lambda is large then the payoff will be much lowerb. if lambda is large then we can expect a substantial reduction in crimec. if lambda is low then we can expect a substantial reduction crimed. none of the above
Q:
Various estimates of annual offending rates tell us thata. there is no average career criminal b. rates vary but within a narrow range c. offenders average 50 felonies a yeard. official records provide the best estimates
Q:
Estimates of annual offending rates from the Rand Inmate Survey are best described asa. low rates with consistent nationwide trendsb. average rates with consistent nationwide trendsc. high rates with state-to-state variationsd. unable to assess due to the prediction problem
Q:
The results of Rand's second study that attempted to predict career criminals showed
a. that self-reporting is a valid predictive method
b. that arrest rates alone cannot predict high rate offenders
c. that self-reporting is effective only among offenders who have graduated high school
d. that arrest rates are a useful prediction tool
Q:
The results of Rand's second attempt at predicting career criminals were published in a report entitled
a. Selective Incapacitation
b. Reducing the Prediction Problem
c. Why the High-Rate Offenders Are Hard to Predict
d. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort
Q:
Which of the following factors were NOT used in Rand's seven-point prediction scale?a. incarceration b. Drug use c. employmentd. race
Q:
Evaluations of the seven-point prediction scale generated by Rand found that
a. it was correct 51% of the time but grossly wrong 7% of the time
b. it produced twice as many correct predictions as judges were able to do
c. it was able to predict chronic offending in juveniles more accurately than in adults
d. it was highly racist which prevented an accurate evaluation of its effectiveness
Q:
The Rand Inmate Survey used which prediction method?a. actuarial b. prior history c. clinical evaluationd. all of the above
Q:
The Sentencing Commission's evaluation of federal sentencing guidelines tells us that
a. this prediction instrument is more accurate at predicting chronic offending than what judges were able to do
b. this carefully designed prediction instrument is currently the most accurate method for predicting chronic offending
c. people with longer prior records are more likely to commit future crime than people with shorter prior records
d. prediction instruments are unnecessary, because chronic offenders are easily identified based on prior record and the seriousness of offense
Q:
The problem with the Sentencing Commission study is that
a. it ignores offenders' prior histories
b. it uses race as a factor to determine future dangerousness
c. it is based on false evidence
d. it gives only broad, instead of specific, predictions
Q:
The prediction method that plays a role in the federal sentencing guidelines isa. actuarial b. prior history c. clinical evaluationd. all of the above
Q:
Predictions of future dangerousness in the Texas death row inmate studya. were wrong in 95% of the cases b. were right in 20% of the cases c. resulted in 155 wrongful executionsd. incorrectly gave 8 life sentences for each correct death sentence
Q:
Select the most accurate statement regarding correct and incorrect predictions
a. true positives are correctly identified as likely to commit a violent act
b. false negatives are incorrectly predicted not to be violent
c. false positives are incorrectly predicted as likely to become violent
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
The prediction instrument used in the Wenk study
a. identified more true positives than false negatives
b. identified more true negatives than false negatives
c. identified more false negatives than false positives
d. identified more false positives than true positives
Q:
The prediction instrument used in the Wenk study used which of the prediction methods?
a. actuarial and clinical evaluation
b. actuarial and prior history
c. prior history and clinical evaluation
d. actuarial, prior history and clinical evaluation
Q:
There are several basic methods for predicting criminal behavior including which of the following?
a. the actuarial method which is similar to presentence investigations
b. the prior history method that sentencing guidelines are based on
c. the clinical evaluation method which insurance companies use
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Traditionally, identification of repeat offenders was based on
a. guesses that took seriousness and prior record into consideration
b. finger prints and intensive surveillance
c. prediction instruments based on characteristics of at-risk kids
d. amount of time spent in jails in prisons
Q:
Questions about chronic offenders that remain unanswered include
a. when do they begin their criminal careers and can we identify them early?
b. how much and what kinds of crime do career criminals commit?
c. how long do chronic offenders remain active and when do they stop?
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
According to the text, the two serious problems involved in translating chronic offender research into policy include
a. identifying the chronic offenders and when they begin their careers
b. the conflict between preventing chronic offending versus punishing it
c. determining what kinds of crime they commit and why they stop
d. the prediction problem and estimating how much crime they commit
Q:
Some say timing is everything. Wolfgang's original study was published at a time when
a. the public was tired of getting tough and sought to prevent chronic offending
b. the public was eager to explore responses to crime that existed outside the CJS
c. crime rates had been rising and the public was disillusioned with liberal policies
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Policies inspired by the career criminal research include which of the following?
a. random police patrols, career criminal prosecution and job corps
b. pretrial detention, selective incapacitation and intensive probation
c. diversion, pretrial detention and electronic monitoring
d. community policing, speedy trials and restitution
Q:
The research studies discussed in this chapter have provided information on
a. the prevalence of criminality and seriousness of offending
b. the onset and desistance of criminal careers
c. the persistence and desistance of criminal careers
d. the frequency of offending and career length
Q:
Select the most accurate statement from the following list.
a. criminal careers and career criminals are the same thing
b. the prevalence of criminality refers to the rate at which criminals commit crimes
c. persistence refers to the tendency for offenders to specialize in one type of crime
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
One of the differences noted between the various cohort studies is that
a. some rely on official records while others use self-report data
b. some focus on violent offending while others focus on property offenses
c. some emphasize the onset of criminal careers and others emphasize desistance from them
d. some find chronic offending rates low as 5.8% and others as high as 9.5% in a cohort
Q:
Other cohort studies have found that
a. chronic offending patterns in large urban areas differ drastically from those in small Midwestern communities
b. the proportion of chronic offenders in a cohort increases as the proportion of minorities in an area increases
c. a small group of offenders accounts for a high proportion of all crimes by the cohort
d. chronic offending patterns in the U.S. are not found in other countries
Q:
Wolfgang's follow-up study using a 1958 cohort found
a. offenders in the 1958 cohort began their criminal careers at an earlier age than the 1945 cohort
b. a small percentage of the cohort was chronic recidivists, but they committed more and more serious crimes than the 1945 cohort
c. the same pattern in chronic offending held for both boys and girls
d. the original study was a fluke as similar patterns in chronic offending were not identified
Q:
Wolfgang labeled members of the cohort
a. delinquents and recidivists
b. low, medium, and high-rate offenders
c. nonoffenders, part-time offenders, and repeaters
d. one-time offenders, nonchronic recidivists, and chronic delinquents
Q:
Wolfgang's Delinquency in a Birth Cohort research uncovered some important offending trends including which of the following?
a. a small percentage of delinquents are responsible for the majority of all crimes
b. reasons why most delinquents stop committing illegal acts at some point
c. that most young males have at least one officially recorded act of violence
d. failing liberal policies contributed to increased rates of chronic offending in the 1960s
Q:
One of the implications regarding Wolfgang's use of officially recorded police contacts as the measure of delinquency noted in the chapter was that
a. this data did not capture property or violent crimes committed on school grounds
b. the racial bias of police in Philadelphia resulted in arrest records for more minorities than Caucasian boys in the cohort
c. the prevalence of offending was likely higher since the data did not capture crimes unknown to police
d. all of the above
Q:
Wolfgang's birth cohort research found what percent of the original cohort had at least one officially recorded contact with the police?a. 6% b. 16% c. 35%d. 95%
Q:
The method of estimating annual offending rates in the Rand Inmates Survey was a major advance over previous estimates because it relied on self-report data.
Q:
The effectiveness of the Rand prediction scale was assessed by correlating predicting scores with inmates' actual reported criminal behavior.
Q:
The Sentencing Commission's evaluation of federal sentencing guidelines found that as criminal history scores increased so did recidivism rates.
Q:
The Texas death row inmate study relied on the clinical evaluation method of prediction.
Q:
Research indicates that the most accurate method of predicting chronic offending is the actuarial approach.
Q:
Identifying and selectively incapacitating chronic offenders was difficult before the evidence-based policy movement but has since become much easier.
Q:
Wolfgang's birth cohort study was published at a time when crime rates were slowly beginning to increase.
Q:
Prevalence of criminality refers to participation in crime while persistence refers to continuing criminal activity.
Q:
Wolfgang's original findings have been confirmed by other cohort studies.
Q:
Findings from Wolfgang's landmark Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study contributed to a shift in crime control policy from specific to general incapacitation.
Q:
Show your understanding of the criminal justice law of thermodynamics by listing three possible implications of it.
Q:
Describe the extent of power that the courtroom work group possesses to influence justice system reforms.
Q:
Justify the suggestion that ours is an administrative rather than an adversarial justice system.
Q:
Describe how the going rate in the U.S. is similar to and different from that in other countries.
Q:
Describe some variables that have contributed to tougher sentencing in recent years.
Q:
Explain why it may be misleading to conclude that only 1% of all criminals go to prison.
Q:
Findings from the Innocence Project indicate thata. stable courtroom workgroups produce more mistakes than unstable work groupsb. the courtroom work group can cover up willful misconduct or incompetencec. few mistakes occur in criminal justice processing and the consequences of those that do are minimald. only 1% of defendants have been wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death, but none of them were executed
Q:
According to the Innocence Project, all but which of the following are primary causes for wrongful conviction
a. false identification
b. rigorous scientific analysis
c. improper evidence
d. false confessions
Q:
According to Walker's discussion of mistakes in the CJS, select the most accurate statement.
a. the extensive number of mistakes make loopholes larger and discrimination more pervasive
b. a system as overburdened as ours is sure to make as many mistakes as it does
c. mistakes are an inevitable result of the going rate
d. we need to be hyper-vigilant to prevent further mistakes
Q:
One of the consequences of the criminal justice law of thermodynamics is that
a. the deterrent effect will be enhanced
b. the intent of justice system reforms may be undercut
c. the courtroom work group's going rate will be impotent
d. it shifts the power from the courtroom work group to policy makers
Q:
Examples of the criminal justice law of thermodynamics include
a. In re Gault and speedy trial laws
b. the death penalty and decriminalization of marijuana
c. the death penalty and three strikes laws
d. early release programs and three strikes laws
Q:
The criminal justice law of thermodynamics states that a(n) ____(1)______ in the severity of a penalty results in ____(2)______ application of that penaltya. (1) decrease (2) more frequent b. (1) decrease (2) less frequent c. (1) increase (2) more frequentd. (1) increase (2) less frequent
Q:
The implementation of reforms by the courtroom work group is dependent upon
a. the location of change as changes mandated from outside the courtroom work group face serious obstacles while changes initiated from within are likely to succeed
b. the nature of the reform in that modest reforms requiring slight changes are likely to succeed
c. the type of reform as unplanned developments affecting the workload of the justice system are more likely to succeed while policy changes face serious obstacles
d. the caseload and resources of the courtroom work group as the time of the reform