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Criminal Law
Q:
Owls emphasize law enforcement to eradicate drug abuse while doves prefer prevention and treatment of drug abuse.
Q:
Research supports that there is a direct causal link between crime and drugs.
Q:
If there were success in substantially reducing illegal drug use, there would be a reduction in crimes associated with drug usage to the same degree.
Q:
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health collects self-report data on a sample of the general population and has found drug use to be limited to certain demographic groups.
Q:
Public hysteria over drugs and drug-related crime prevents sensible discussion of policy.
Q:
Describe proposed changes to U.S. drug policy that would improve its legitimacy.
Q:
Summarize the rationale for decriminalization and its potential consequences.
Q:
Give examples of changes that can be made in the police system to improve its legitimacy.
Q:
Provide evidence that procedural justice makes a difference in the day-to-day world of criminal justice.
Q:
Discuss the role that legitimacy plays in gaining compliance with the law.
Q:
Research on complaint mediation programs has found thata. they do not affect legitimacy of the police systemb. most citizens are dissatisfied with police behaviorc. they result in similar levels of satisfaction of traditional complaint investigation proceduresd. that they result in much higher levels of satisfaction than traditional complaint investigation procedures
Q:
Research on citizen complaint procedures have found that
a. it results in satisfaction on both sides
b. its effectiveness is mixed
c. it results in satisfaction on one side only
d. it improves the legitimacy of the police
Q:
The purpose of an EIS (early intervention system) by the police department is to
a. reduce use of force incidents by police officers
b. reduce recidivism of offenders
c. decriminalize minor crimes
d. give citizens greater say in police matters
Q:
Changing the law of possession of small amounts of marijuana to a misdemeanor would likely result ina. deligitimization of the court system b. increased compliance with the law c. a sense that the CJS is illegitimated. a sharp reduction in felony convictions and prison sentences
Q:
The evidence of significant racial disparities in drug enforcement
a. is insignificant
b. is quite strong
c. is evident in only a few states
d. is inconclusive
Q:
A prevalent criticism of U.S. drug policy on marijuana isa. that although it is barely used, its use is still a punishable offense b. that it causes increased use of marijuana c. that it is the main focus of drug policy, while the policy ignores more harmful drugsd. that marijuana use is a private matter
Q:
The most significant area of conflict between the criminal law and the changing values of U.S. society is
a. U.S. drug policy
b. police treatment of minor offenders
c. sentencing laws
d. public disorder crimes
Q:
Over the past fifty years, arrests for public drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and vagrancy
a. have contributed substantially to crime declines in New York City
b. have been completely eliminated
c. have been on the upswing in large urban areas
d. have been de-emphasized by police
Q:
The Prohibition laws resulted in
a. changes in procedural justice
b. arrests for alternative offenses
c. the evolution of organized crime
d. increased respect for the law
Q:
When criminal laws become out of step with the views of society, the result is
a. a society of outlaws
b. a sense of disconnect between citizens and the police
c. a loss of legitimacy of the legal system
d. an overall lack of morality among citizens
Q:
The practice of conducting regular beat meetings where officers and citizens discuss neighborhood problems and monitor progress of initiatives is intended to
a. deescalate encounters between officers and citizens
b. engage citizens to improve their sense of satisfaction with the police
c. address problems of racial discrimination
d. minimize complaints about criminal behavior
Q:
The strategy of teaching officers to de-escalate encounters between the police and citizens is designed to eliminate
a. the tradition of treating disrespectful actions as "contempt of cop"
b. problem in due process
c. the high recidivism rate of repeat offenders
d. racial disparities in police proceedings
Q:
Since the 1970's, the racial disparity in people shot and killed by the police hasa. just about doubled b. dropped by about half c. been influence by distributive justiced. not changed, despite efforts to end it
Q:
Changing the legitimacy of the police system is important because
a. it is commonly viewed as overburdened and poorly functioning
b. the police system has the worst reputation of any part of the CJS
c. police corruption is widespread
d. it is the most visible component of the CJS
Q:
The evidence shows that the legitimacy of agencies in the criminal justice systema. can be changed only through serious public relations campaigns b. is impervious to attempts to change c. can be built and maintainedd. has eroded to the point that it cannot be redeemed
Q:
The amount of time lawyers spent with felony defendants in criminal courts
a. was not associated with procedural justice
b. had no impact on their behavior or attitudes toward the CJS
c. had an effect on their recidivism rates
d. was associated with their satisfaction with the criminal justice system
Q:
For years, decriminalizing certain offenses was a major liberal policy recommendation. That changed becausea. conservatives embraced the same policies b. most of those offenses have been decriminalized or deemphasized c. decriminalization of those offenses undermined the principles of procedural justiced. those offenses are now recognized as detrimental to society
Q:
There is evidence of significant racial disparity in the enforcement ofa. murder b. burglary c. gamblingd. drugs
Q:
The most important strategy for improving police-citizen encounters is
a. to reduce escalation
b. to reduce the impression of racial disparity
c. to reduce police use of deadly force and excessive physical force
d. to improve the police's treatment of women, particularly in domestic violence incidents
Q:
In successful drug courts, the behavior of the judgesa. contradict the principles of procedural justice b. align with the principles of procedural justice c. show marked racial discriminationd. has a trickledown effect to the behavior of all courtroom workers
Q:
Studies have found that respectful policing practicesa. are effective in low-crime neighborhoods, but have the reverse effect in high-crime neighborhoods b. have a strong impact on sentencing and trial proceedings c. have a positive effect on peoples' assessment of police legitimacyd. have no discernible effect on peoples' assessment of police legitimacy
Q:
Tyler's research found that a sense of justice contributes to law-abiding behavior, but a limitation of the study was that he only asked people about what?a. juvenile delinquency b. victimless crimes c. domestic violenced. minor offenses
Q:
In studies of procedural justice, it was found that people who perceived they were treated fairly by criminal justice agentsa. recidivated at a higher rate b. Were more likely to obey the law c. were more likely to accept plea negotiations without an attorneyd. only committed minor offenses
Q:
One of the key variables in people's satisfaction with a system is the sense that
a. they have an opportunity to participate and express their point of view
b. it does not rely on coercive authority as a mechanism for gaining compliance
c. the system promotes the greatest good for the greatest number
d. the system itself displays lawful behavior
Q:
_____(1)_____ involves case outcomes while _____(2)_____ depends on how people feel they were treated.
a. (1) lawfulness (2) legitimacy
b. (1) distributive justice (2) procedural justice
c. (1) legitimacy (2) cumulative disadvantage
d. (1) procedural justice (2) perception
Q:
What is the difference between lawfulness and legitimacy?a. the two terms can be used interchangeablyb. lawfulness refers to liberal policies while legitimacy refers to conservative policiesc. lawfulness refers to citizens while legitimacy refers to the justice systemd. lawfulness refers to behavior while legitimacy refers to perception
Q:
Tyler argues that a critical factor in people's complying with the law isa. they are aware of the law b. perceived legitimacy of the law c. they understand the consequencesd. all of the above
Q:
The difference between traditional crime control policies and procedural justice policies is
a. procedural justice policies demand rigorous evidence-based evaluations of their effectiveness whereas traditional crime control policies did not
b. liberals and conservatives conflicted over traditional crime control policies but are largely in agreement when it comes to procedural justice policies
c. traditional policies rely on external coercion to get people to obey the law whereas procedural justice policies seek to cultivate voluntary compliance with the law
d. traditional crime control policies tend to be expensive to implement and subject to evasion by the courtroom workgroup whereas procedural justice policies are not
Q:
The ultimate goal of the CJS and other social institutions is to
a. maintain an orderly society
b. hold people accountable for their actions
c. help people adjust to their social environment
d. maintain the economic and political social order
e. all of the above
Q:
Procedural justice reforms to improve legitimacy are not applicable to the prison system.
Q:
The most important strategy for improving police-citizen encounters is to reduce police use of deadly force and use of excessive physical force.
Q:
One limitation of studies on procedural justice is the questions about its application to serious crime.
Q:
Respectful policing has a no significant effect on peoples' assessment of police legitimacy
Q:
Research has shown that police are more likely to stop African Americans than whites.
Q:
Research evidence shows the injustice of racial bias in drug enforcement to be perceived but not real.
Q:
The most important source of people's attitudes toward the CJS is the courts.
Q:
Procedural justice issues appear to contribute to law-abiding behavior in terms of minor offenses but the effect on serious crimes is not yet known.
Q:
The procedural justice perspective says that people are motivated primarily by fear of punishment.
Q:
Where you have lawfulness you always find legitimacy.
Q:
Crime control policies have traditionally relied on external authority, such as law enforcement and punitive sentence, but procedural justice policies seek to cultivate internally based voluntary obligation
Q:
Provide the objectives of and assess the effectiveness of drug courts.
Q:
Evaluate the argument that faith-based treatment programs are more effective in reducing crime than secular treatment programs.
Q:
Evaluate the use of intermediate punishments.
Q:
Defend the use of diversion programs and then evaluate the effectiveness of such programs, and the impact of net widening.
Q:
Compare and contrast probation and parole and be sure to make mention of their goals and effectiveness achieving them.
Q:
Evaluate the interpretation that nothing works based on the findings of the Martinson report.
Q:
Evidence of the effectiveness of drug court programs shows thata. offenders who complete the programs have lower recidivism rates than those who do not participateb. offenders who complete the 8-week program have lower recidivism rates than those who complete the 26-week programc. the reason why so many fail is because the programs are not implemented and funded as they are intended to bed. nearly all of the offenders who are offered the option of a drug court program take it
Q:
Properly managed drug courts are set apart from other diversion programs due to
a. written criteria
b. initial and ongoing planning
c. access to various substance abuse treatment programs
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
With the advent of drug courts, the traditional role of ____________ has been altered
a. prosecutors
b. law enforcement
c. judges
d. probation officers
Q:
Drug courts
a. began in the late 1980s in Florida
b. have expanded significantly in the past 20 years
c. provide a comprehensive plan of treatment and supervision
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Drug courts are an example ofa. faith-based treatment b. intensive supervised probation c. net wideningd. diversion
Q:
In evaluating the effectiveness of faith-based treatment programs
a. organic religion was least effective in reducing crime
b. there was higher recidivism rates among secular programs than faith-based ones
c. there is inconclusive evidence that faith-based programs are more effective than secular ones
d. intentional religion was most effective in reducing crime
Q:
Regarding faith-based treatment
a. intentional religion programs may or may not include religious services
b. organic religion programs require religious services
c. intentional religion programs require religious services
d. both organic and intentional programs serve most religions
Q:
President George W. Bush created the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives in January 2001. When President Barack Obama entered office, he
a. kept the program intact
b. changed the name of the office to "Belief-Based and Community Initiatives"
c. eliminated all faith-based programs
d. continued the program, but with a slight change in emphasis and name
Q:
If the purpose of electronic monitoring is to control offenders, it is a _____(1)_____, but if the purpose is to reintegrate offenders into the community, it is a _____(2)_____.a. (1) success (2) success c. (1) failure (2) successb. (1) success (2) failure d. (1) failure (2) failure
Q:
One of the criticisms against electronic monitoring is that
a. it promotes net widening
b. few offenders actually complete the program
c. it allows dangerous offenders to be prey upon innocent citizens
d. the cost savings are small because a tiny proportion of all offenders are in electronic monitoring programs
Q:
A type of electronic monitoring technology that involves periodic random telephone calls to a probationer's home is known as what?a. passive monitoring b. active monitoring c. radio frequencyd. grosslink
Q:
Home confinementa. is used for juvenile offenders only b. is basically a curfew c. is more effective than probationd. is a complete failure
Q:
One of the problems with boot camps is that
a. they are only cheaper in the short term and most offenders require long stays to graduate
b. as many as half of the offenders in them fail to complete the program
c. offenders who successfully complete them have to repeat them if they join the military
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Graduates of boot camps who had lower recidivism rates participated in camps witha. more treatment services b. more intensive sessions c. more intensive post-release supervisiond. all of the abovee. none of the above
Q:
Among the goals of boot camps are
a. punishment of the offender
b. rehabilitation
c. reduction in overcrowding
d. all of the above
e. a & c only
Q:
The new intermediate punishments emphasize ____(1)_____ with little emphasis on _____(2)_____.a. (1) cost savings (2) effectiveness b. (1) juvenile treatment (2) adult treatment c. (1) diversion (2) punishmentd. (1) surveillance and control (2) treatment
Q:
An evaluation of a juvenile diversion program found that
a. diverted offenders had recidivism rates that were lower than both juveniles sent to juvenile court and juveniles released outright
b. diverted offenders had recidivism rates that were similar to both juveniles sent to juvenile court and juveniles released outright
c. a significant increase in the detention of juvenile arrestees, even though juvenile arrests declined by about half
d. a significant decrease in the detention of juvenile arrestees, even though juvenile arrests grew by about half
Q:
Among the reasons for the failure of diversion programs is
a. contact between the offender and probation officers is too often
b. program content offers too many options for offenders who need structure
c. a coercion element that infringes on due process rights
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
One of the problems with net widening in a diversion program is that
a. more offenders escape the CJS without receiving either treatment or punishment
b. the cost savings are never realized because more people become part of the CJS process
c. both programs are voluntary in nature and tend to compete with one another
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Net widening refers to a process where
a. the loopholes in the CJS are widened and more offenders are able to slip through
b. the social networks of an offender are treated in order to promote embedding
c. more offenders are brought into the CJS rather than diverted out
d. a range of treatment services likened to a web are provided to an offender
Q:
Participants of the Manhattan Court Employment Project
a. received counseling, short-term public assistance and a referral to a job opening
b. had all of their charges dropped in exchange for pleading to a low level misdemeanor
c. often dropped out of the program because it was more intrusive and punitive than prison
d. increased their lifetime earnings by 25% compared to a control group
Q:
Diversion within the criminal justice system has encompasseda. police not arresting an individual b. treatment services c. case dismissalsd. all of the above
Q:
Programs that involve a treatment component and the goal of getting offenders out of the CJS as early as possible are known as what?a. faith-based b. boot camp c. probationd. diversion
Q:
Diversion programs are rooted in the assumptions of which criminological theory?a. rational choice b. labeling c. self-controld. differential association