Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Criminal Law
Q:
For which reason did the Midtown Community Court require sentenced offenders to wear bright blue vests and perform their community service within 24 hours of being sentenced?
a. to make justice visible and swift
b. to promote quick healing through restorative justice
c. to enhance the deterrent effect
d. all of the above
e. a & c only
Q:
The Midtown Community Court grew out of which of the following problems?
a. that punishment as a consequence did not change behavior in the desired direction
b. that there were often no consequences of any sort for committing quality-of-life offenses
c. that offenders were not punished severely enough for their wrongdoing
d. that offenders were punished too severely for their wrongdoing
Q:
The purposes of problem-solving courts are to
a. target prosecution efforts on a particular problem, neighborhood or type of offender
b. involve a long-term proactive partnership among the prosecutor's office, law enforcement, the community and private organizations
c. use alternatives to incarceration, strict monitoring of sentence conditions and rapid imposition of sentences
d. all of the above
Q:
Community prosecution applies the basic principles of __________ to the prosecution stage of the criminal process.a. traditional policing b. problem-oriented policing c. offender reentry programsd. restorative justice
Q:
Studies on domestic violence and burglary found that collective efficacy
a. Does not reduce crime in poor neighborhoods
b. Decreases following a crime event in a neighborhood
c. Increases following a crime event in a neighborhood
d. Lowers rates of both domestic violence and burglary
Q:
The war on terrorism has affected community policing innovations by
a. refocusing the attention of the police departments
b. increasing the use of weapons by both civilians and police
c. giving units more staff members
d. improving the police's efforts to target certain criminals
Q:
One concern about innovations in policing, such as the SMART program, is
a. implicit racial discrimination
b. the negative impact on the surrounding neighborhood
c. the continuity of reforms
d. the legality of these innovations
Q:
An evaluation of Operation Cease Fire found
a. no change as the policy was not implemented as intended
b. a decrease in the unemployment rate and a reduction in the level of drug activity
c. a decrease in both violent and property crime in the treatment areas
d. a decrease in youth homicides and number of calls to police regarding shots fired
Q:
Among the "pulling levers" strategies used in Operation Cease Fire was?
a. using plea bargaining to get defendants to plead guilty
b. arresting gang members with outstanding warrants
c. providing post-release services within the first six months
d. proactive supervision designed to reduce parolee recidivism
Q:
The community-focused program that involved a highly focused and multi-agency effort and active participation of community groups in order to reduce youth violence was known asa. The Boston Gun Project b. The Chicago Area Project c. The Midtown Community Courtd. The New York Zero Tolerance Policy
Q:
An important policy implication of collective efficacy is?a. impact of environmental issues b. formal crime reduction strategies c. trust in local criminal justice agenciesd. distrust in formal social control
Q:
Trust among residents in a neighborhood and their shared expectations about social control is known asa. community policing b. front-loading c. neighborhood watchd. collective efficacy
Q:
Even poor communities with __________ , in which there is some capacity to control the neighborhood, have lower crime rates than neighborhoods without it.a. collective efficacy b. an offender reentry program c. embeddednessd. all of the above
Q:
The basic operating principles for the community focus on crime control include
a. a get-tough strategy that includes more arrests and mandatory sentences
b. a geographic focus and partnerships between criminal justice and non-criminal justice agencies
c. a shift in power back to criminal justice agencies that uses zero-tolerance policies
d. a desire to find the single crime policy that will promote effective prevention and control
Q:
The new community focus on crime control
a. is a liberal crime control strategy
b. is a conservative crime control strategy
c. enjoys a strong consensus among criminologists
d. breeds extensive skepticism among criminologists
Q:
Restorative justice is dependent upon informal social control which is not as evident in a diverse and largely anonymous modern society.
Q:
Restorative justice sanctions seek to punish the offender and build a bond between the victim and community.
Q:
The Justice Reinvestment Initiative channels money from prisons to community-based programs.
Q:
Restrictions on housing, employment opportunities, and civil disabilities adversely affect those released from prison.
Q:
Front-loading parole services are hindered by huge caseloads.
Q:
Prison industries have provided meaningful work for inmates.
Q:
Research conducted by the Urban Institute found that many parolees had no health care and were not employed four to eight months after release.
Q:
The majority of offenders leaving prison return to their old neighborhood.
Q:
Reentry programming embraces the operating principles that guide problem-oriented policing and community prosecution.
Q:
By reducing the number of jail days, the Midtown Community Court achieved the anticipated cost savings.
Q:
Problem-solving courts focus on less serious "disorder" offenses and use alternatives to incarceration.
Q:
One aspect of collective efficacy is the ceding of social control.
Q:
An innovative policing strategy used in Boston's Gun Project was "pulling levers" and the use of various criminal justice and social service agencies.
Q:
In areas with higher levels of collective efficacy, lower crime rates were only found in the wealthier neighborhoods.
Q:
One of the basic operating principles for effective community-focused crime prevention and control is that it requires the simultaneous application of several policies.
Q:
Compare and contrast the legalization strategies and proposed effects presented by maximalists, moderates, minimalists and agnostics.
Q:
Evaluate the argument that drug treatment programs are effective through consideration of the various types of programs, reduction in drug use and relapse.
Q:
Differentiate between the four educational strategies.
Q:
Explain the rationale behind various drug supply-reduction efforts.
Q:
Describe the drug policies emphasized by hawks, owls and doves.
Q:
Compare and contrast the four surveys used to measure the extent of the drug problem; include in your reply weaknesses of each.
Q:
The danger of legalizing drugs isa. our society will crumble as everyone walks around in a drug-induced hazeb. residents of other countries will pour into the U.S. to purchase drugsc. the mechanisms of socialization might be overwhelmed by the legislationd. drug dealers will turn to other dangerous criminal activity
Q:
Karel's legalization proposal includes the maintenance of which drug(s) as completely illegal?a. crack and PCP b. coca leaves c. psychedelic drugsd. all of the abovee. none of the above
Q:
The predicted effects of drug legalization depend on which strategy is proposed, but no matter what policy is adopted the following questions arise
a. will we still be able to get tough with certain drug offenders?
b. would drug use and predatory crime increase or decrease?
c. would we criminalize tobacco use?
d. will we continue to see fewer teens using marijuana?
Q:
Those who believe in a drug legalization strategy involving the elimination of penalties for adult possession of marijuana and other less dangerous drugs are known as legalizationa. maximalists b. moderates c. minimalistsd. agnostics
Q:
The case for legalization includes which of the following points?
a. criminal prohibition has not reduced drug use
b. we spend billions of dollars a year on the drug war
c. the war on drugs produces harmful side effects
d. all of the above
Q:
The biggest challenge for effective drug treatment isa. the ever-growing range of available drugs b. removing the stigma of drug treatment c. obtaining fundingd. matching the right program with the right client
Q:
One danger of overexpansion of drug courts isa. difficulty finding qualified judgesb. persuading states to fund the courtsc. admitting the extent of the drug problem in the U.S.d. admitting people who are not amenable to treatment, thus lowering the success rate
Q:
Drug courts are seemingly more effective than other forms of drug treatment due toa. judicial involvement b. its selection process c. proper planning and managementd. all of the above
Q:
The most serious and disturbing problem with drug treatment programs is
a. high rates of relapse
b. clients who complete them are just as likely to use drugs
c. they are expensive to implement
d. determining how lengthy they should be
Q:
One of the major issues related to drug treatment is the __________ of treatment programs.a. cost b. toughness c. availabilityd. length
Q:
The least expensive and least controversial type of drug treatment program is what?a. therapeutic communities b. outpatient drug-free programs c. drug courtsd. faith-based treatment
Q:
People who engage in certain illicit behaviors that are most likely to respond to information dissemination programs area. poor and desperate b. prior offenders c. fifth and sixth gradersd. successful and educated
Q:
AIDS education programs have been effective with _____(1)_____ but ineffective with younger gay males and ____(2)_____ with concern to unsafe sexual encounters.a. (1) adult gay men (2) the underclass b. (1) female teenagers (2) adult gay men c. (1) needle-drug users (2) female teenagersd. (1) needle-drug users (2) the underclass
Q:
Why is the DARE program ineffective?a. use of lecture rather than participative instruction b. influence of peers c. lack of training of police officersd. all of the above
Q:
Why has the DARE program been a stable anti-drug educational program?
a. it relies primarily on information dissemination
b. it effectively reduces long-term drug use
c. it is popular with parents, politicians and the police
d. it relies on the most effective teaching method
e. all of the above
Q:
The "Scared Straight" program used which of the educational strategies?
a. information dissemination
b. fear arousal
c. moral appeal
d. affective education
Q:
An educational strategy that attempts to develop personal and social skills that will help people resist certain behavior is known asa. information dissemination b. fear arousal c. moral appeald. affective education
Q:
An educational strategy that seeks to change behavior by providing information and assumes people will not engage in certain behaviors such as drug use or risky sex is
a. information dissemination
b. moral appeal
c. fear arousal
d. affective education
Q:
Examples of behaviors that have been effectively controlled socially outside of the criminal justice system includea. smoking and automobile fatalities b. "just say no" and DARE c. prohibitions of alcohol and abortiond. all of the above
Q:
One of the conclusions about using the criminal law to control products or services that a large number of people want is
a. secondary crime will be prevented
b. it enhances respect for the law
c. someone will try to supply them
d. it effectively changes behavior
Q:
Historical examples where the criminal law was used to control wanted products or services show us that
a. this is an effective way to change behavior
b. it does not eliminate the prohibited behavior and may cause more harm than good
c. the criminal justice system does a better job changing behavior than public health agencies
d. most prohibited behaviors are considered immoral by the majority of Americans
Q:
What effects of alcohol prohibition are similar to those of drug prohibition?
a. turning casual users into criminals undermining respect for the law
b. enforcement abuses including illegal searches and seizures
c. the black market and corruption
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Increased drug interdiction efforts have resulted in
a. an increase in incarceration in the U.S.
b. a reduction in the number of drug arrests
c. a noticeable decrease in the worldwide production of drugs
d. no decrease in the worldwide production of drugs
Q:
Attempts to reduce the production of drug plants in the field are known as what?a. interdiction b. eradication c. demand-reductiond. none of the above
Q:
Interdiction-type strategies
a. attempt to stop the flow of drugs entering the country
b. attempt to reduce the production of drug plants in the field
c. are demand-reduction strategies that seek to intercede early into drug addiction
d. are supply-reduction strategies that seek reduce the availability of drugs
Q:
The use of local law enforcement efforts as a strategy for reducing drug abuse
a. is an owl type of drug control policy
b. is the best way to counter the replacement effect
c. is unlikely to have much impact on the availability of drugs on the street
d. is an effective long-term strategy because of the intensive geographical focus
Q:
Racial bias is evident at what point in the criminal justice system?
a. bail amounts for minority drug offenders
b. harsher sentences for minority drug offenders for crack
c. at every stage of the criminal justice system
d. racial bias has not been established using research evidence
Q:
The impact of the war on drugs is best summarized by which of the following statements?
a. the number of arrests for drug offenses has increased and a larger proportion of drug offenders were Caucasians rather than racial minorities
b. the number of people arrested for drug offenses now represents 12% of all arrests and our prison population has skyrocketed
c. African-Americans are treated less harshly by the criminal justice system than Caucasians though they are only somewhat more likely to use illegal drugs
d. African-Americans are treated harshly by the criminal justice system because they are far more likely to use illegal drugs
Q:
Select the most accurate statement regarding the different approaches to drug policy.
a. hawks believe drug policy is the problem while doves emphasize supply reduction
b. owls believe we should respond to drug abuse as a public health problem
c. most liberals favor hawk-type policies while conservatives favor owl-type policies
d. the radical dove approach is to legalize drugs while hawks emphasize supply reduction
Q:
The American drug policy is dominated by the __________ approach to drug policy.a. hawk b. owl c. doved. crow
Q:
Regarding the drug-crime connection
a. drug-defined crimes refer to crimes caused by drug use and abuse
b. crimes associated with drug use include the commission of robberies to get money to buy drugs
c. drug-related crimes include violent behavior caused by the pharmacological effects of drugs
d. drug-related crimes include possession and sale of illegal substances
Q:
We can reasonably conclude that legalization of drugs will lead to a reduction in what type of drug crime?a. drug-defined b. drug-related c. crimes associated with drug used. all of the abovee. none of the above
Q:
The Drug Abuse Warning Network collects data from
a. a self-report of high school seniors
b. a nationally representative sample of persons 12 years old and older
c. emergency room visits
d. urine specimens of parolees
Q:
The hysteria over the drug problem involving crack babies wasa. underestimated b. an accurate representation of the drug problem c. greatly exaggeratedd. none of the above
Q:
The impact of legalizing drugs is well documented and is known to increase serious crime.
Q:
Drug legalization means the complete elimination of all forms of government control.
Q:
Maximalists support legalization of all drugs for adults only, while agnostics have no final position on the legalization debate.
Q:
The primary goal of therapeutic communities is to temporarily remove the external influences that contribute to drug dependency and using counseling to restructure the client's personality.
Q:
Properly managed drug court programs are effective in reducing both drug use and criminal behavior.
Q:
DARE provides skills for recognizing and resisting social pressures to experiment with alcohol, tobacco and drugs, as well as developing skills in risk assessment and decision making.
Q:
The Scared Straight program in which adult offenders told juvenile offenders about the horrors of imprisonment is an educational strategy known as moral appeal.
Q:
Attempts to control products or services through the criminal law may create a criminal syndicate to provide the product or service.
Q:
Interdiction efforts seek to stop the flow of drugs into the country while eradication deals with reducing production of drug plants in the field.
Q:
Minorities use illegal drugs more heavily than Caucasians.