Q&A Hero

Q: Officer Smith believes her role is to maintain order on her beat by arresting criminals. According to Broderick, she would be considered a/an: a. realist b. optimist c. enforcer d. idealist

Q: Who arranged for the organization of the first paid, full-time, uniformed police department, conceived of the police role as a conspicuous community-oriented patrol designed more for prevention and deterrence than for enforcement? a. Henry Fielding b. Carl B. Klockars c. Sir Robert Peel d. Egon Bittner

Q: To date, on each instance that an appellate court has considered the constitutionality of DNA testing statutes, the court has ruled the statutes to be _____. a. an unconstitutional violation of the 4th Amendment b. an unconstitutional violation of the 5th Amendment c. an unconstitutional violation of the 6th Amendment d. constitutional

Q: Vernonia was expanded to include all students participating in extracurricular activities by the Supreme Court decision in Board of Education of Ind. School District 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls, (2002). On what did Ginsburg, in part, base her dissent? a. Students who participate in extracurricular activities are significantly less likely to develop substance abuse problems than are their less involved peers b. Students who participate in extracurricular activities must already incur substantial financial costs, and drug testing would incur even more. c. Extracurricular activities already have enough of their own rules and procedures to which the student body as a whole is not subjected. d. While such testing might be acceptable for students who participate in competitive activities such as band contests, it is not appropriate for others.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the secondary goals and objectives of police departments? a. recovering stolen and missing property b. enforcing non-criminal regulation c. delivering services not available elsewhere in the community d. settling arguments and disputes

Q: Sheehan and Cordner state that the two primary goals and objectives of police departments are: a. maintaining order and protecting life and property b. preventing crime and arresting offenders c. preventing crime and maintaining order d. protecting life and property and preventing crime

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in both United States v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985) and United States v. Flores-Montano (2004) concerned border searches. The earlier case involved a search of a person, whereas the more recent case related to a vehicular search. Which of the following most accurately reflects the decisions in these two cases? a. Reasonable suspicion is required for both person and vehicle searches at a border checkpoint. b. No level of suspicion is required for either a vehicle or a person search occurring at a border checkpoint. c. Reasonable suspicion is required for a more invasive search of a person at a border checkpoint, whereas no level of suspicion is required for a vehicle search. d. Reasonable suspicion is required for a search of a vehicle at a border checkpoint, whereas no level of suspicion is required for a person search.

Q: All are current less than lethal tools departments use except: a. O.C. Spray b. Expandable Batons c. Tasers d. Slapjack

Q: Which statement about the opinion of the Court in Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009) is true? a. The Court ruled that the definition of a "strip search" includes who was looking and how much was seen. b. The Court ruled that the school officials exceeded the scope of a reasonable search. c. The Court ruled the strip search to be unconstitutional. d. The Court ruled that, in this instance, there was no strip search.

Q: The police role is: a. very ambiguous b. very clearly defined c. mainly related to violent crime d. mainly related to arresting offenders

Q: In the case of Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009) the school officials who conducted the search of Savana Redding's undergarments were searching for _____. a. pills b. a weapon c. marijuana d. crib sheets used for cheating

Q: Most of police contacts involve: a. motor vehicle or traffic-related issues b. dealing with family violence c. arresting offenders d. testifying in court

Q: Searches and/or seizures conducted at fixed or functional border locations are governed by the principle that _____. a. the officer have probable cause b. the officer have reasonable suspicion c. they be conducted by an officer employed by the FBI d. they be conducted in a reasonable manner

Q: The vast majority of arrests the police make are for: a. violent crimes b. property crimes c. financial crimes d. quality of life crimes

Q: Police cannot legally gain access to a student's living quarters on a private university for the purpose of searching, even if they have permission of university administration, unless they have a warrant issued. Why is this statement true? a. Because the search is conducted by police, the purpose is a criminal investigation. b. Because the university is private, not public. c. Because college and university students are afforded absolute protection from unwanted searches and seizures. d. Because there is no distinction in Fourth Amendment law between private and public universities.

Q: Which of the following is incorrect? a. The police make more arrests for minor violations than for serious crime. b. The police make more arrests for driving while intoxicated (DWI/DUI) than they do for drug offenses. c. The police make more arrests for aggravated or felony assault than they do for misdemeanor assault arrests. d. The violation of liquor laws, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and loitering are responsible for approximately 2.5 million arrests a year.

Q: Which statement about searches of student belongings by university officials and/or police is true? a. Police cannot legally gain access to a student's living quarters for the purpose of searching, even if they have permission of university administration, unless they have a warrant issued. b. The Fourth Amendment protects students at private universities and colleges from searches conducted by school officials. c. The Fourth Amendment does not protect students at public universities and colleges from searches conducted by school officials. d. Students at public and private universities have no expectation of privacy.

Q: The legality and morality of the fleeing felon rule is challenged because of the U.S. legal concept of: a. presumption of innocence b. fundamental fairness c. cruel and unusual punishment d. application of equality

Q: Key to the reasoning in Vernonia, which examined drug testing for student athletes in high school, was that _____. a. participation in extracurricular activities like school sports is an essential component of education b. the already diminished expectation of privacy in the school setting was even lower for student athletes c. professional athletes are also required to take random drug tests, establishing a precedent d. the courts have already held that suspicionless drug testing passes muster for public school students in general

Q: To properly apply the "special needs" doctrine, which circumstance must be present? a. Probable cause must exist. b. The search must not be undertaken with the goal of criminal prosecution. c. A warrant must be issued authorizing the search. d. There must be clear evidence of life and death circumstances.

Q: Describe the 10 processes for a solid background investigation

Q: With respect to warrantless searches of government employees, _____. a. the courts apply a probable cause standard b. imposing warrant procedures on supervisors would be unreasonable c. public employees have no legitimate expectation of privacy d. courts allow personal property in the employee's home to be included

Q: Describe the role of the FTO in the training process.

Q: Probation officers need _____ that a probationer is engaged in criminal activity before conducting a search of a probationer's home. a. a warrant based on probable cause b. reasonable suspicion c. probable cause d. a warrant based on reasonable suspicion

Q: The beginning of the socialization process for the new police officer begins __________.

Q: An experienced officer who mentors and trains a new police officer is a _____________.

Q: Applying the reasonableness standard of the Fourth Amendment to special needs searches allows _____. a. warrantless searches only when there is reasonable suspicion b. searches regardless of their efficacy in advancing government interests c. only searches that involve "hands-off" intrusions on privacy d. warrantless, suspicionless searches in some circumstances

Q: Federal law and the law of ______ states now provide for collection of DNA samples from criminal offenders. a. forty-four b. forty-seven c. forty-nine d. fifty

Q: Today, many agencies have replaced Hogan's Alley programs with ____________________.

Q: The average probationary period for police officers ranges from ____________________.

Q: Random, non-intrusive manual searches of airline passengers and passenger belongings for weapons or explosives is _____. a. unconstitutional b. acceptable only in exigent circumstances c. inherently biased and inflammatory d. not a violation of the Fourth Amendment

Q: There is _____ at any U.S. borders or their functional equivalents, such as airline terminals or cruise ship terminals. a. no reasonable expectation of privacy b. reasonable expectation of privacy c. little use for the Constitution d. greater expectations of privacy

Q: The period of time that a department has to evaluate a new officer's ability to perform his or her job effectively is called the ____________________.

Q: Which statement about searches and seizures related to college students is most accurate? a. If law enforcement initiates an investigation of a student and gains access to the student's room through public or private university officials, the search is valid and the evidence seized is admissible. b. If police enlist school officials to participate in a criminal investigation and get them to act on their behalf, then the school officials will be deemed state actors for Fourth Amendment purposes. c. In general, the Fourth Amendment protects students at both private and public colleges and universities from searches conducted by school officials. d. Even if a private college or university has a policy that allows unannounced searches of students' rooms to determine compliance with school policies, evidence in plain view cannot be turned over to police.

Q: The first step after submitting an application to a department is the ________________.

Q: Determining the reasonableness of any search involves determining whether _____. a. the action was justified at its inception b. the warrant was valid on its face c. the person was cooperative during the interference d. a physical arrest was made in the process

Q: The type of training that is used to update the skills and knowledge base of veteran officers on a constant basis is called ____________________.

Q: Which statement about the privacy and property rights of students while on school grounds is true? a. Students have no Fourth Amendment protection. b. Students have no expectation of privacy while on school property. c. Students have the full protection of the Fourth Amendment on school grounds. d. Searches and seizures must be based on reasonable grounds.

Q: On-the-job training of recently graduated recruits from the police academy is called ____________________.

Q: Law enforcement has the authority to hold established roadside sobriety checkpoints _____. a. only in instances of particularized suspicion b. without a warrant or particularized suspicion c. only if a warrant has been issued d. without a warrant, only if there is particularized suspicion

Q: The initial training a police officer receives is called ____________________.

Q: The ability to interpret, understand, and manage one's own and others' emotions is called _____________.

Q: The Customs Service requires employees seeking transfers or promotions to certain positions within the service to submit to urinalysis testing. What has the Court found with respect to this requirement? a. The Court upheld the policy of the Customs Service. b. The Court upheld the policy of the Customs Service, but only under certain narrowly tailored circumstances. c. The Court ruled that the regulations were unconstitutional. d. The Court upheld the policy of the Customs Service, but only if the employee signed a consent form.

Q: A search ordinarily must be based on individualized suspicion of wrongdoing. but particularized exceptions to the main rule are sometimes warranted based and are most associated with _____. a. administrative searches b. Ortega searches c. aural transfers d. the special needs doctrine

Q: A form of de facto discrimination resulting from a testing element that discriminates against a particular group, essentially keeping them out of the applicant pool is known as ________ _________.

Q: The ____________________ identifies the important tasks that must be performed by police officers and then identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform those tasks.

Q: A(n) _____ is a routine inspection of a home or business by governmental authorities responsible for determining compliance with various statutes and regulations. a. regulatory search b. administrative search c. Barlow search d. probable cause search

Q: In Olmstead v. United States (1928), the Court held that wiretapping of telephone conversations _____. a. is covered by the Fourth Amendment, but does not violate it b. was not covered by the Fourth Amendment c. is covered by the Fourth Amendment, and is a violation of it d. was only a partial violation of the Fourth Amendment

Q: In the ____________________ simulation, targets depicting "good guys" and "bad guys" pop up, requiring officers to make split-second decisions.

Q: _____ is most accurately defined as searches using wiretaps, bugs, or other devices to overhear conversation or obtain other kinds of information? a. Electronic surveillance b. Covert surveillance c. Covert intelligence d. Cyber surveillance

Q: ____________ is on-the-job training for recently graduated recruits from the police academy. a. Recruit training b. Initial training c. Field training d. In service training

Q: In the case of Olmstead v. United States, the Court decided that the practice of wiretapping was not covered by the Fourth Amendment, primarily because _____. a. the person had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the home b. the evidence was obtained only by hearing (and did not involve tangible items) so the interception of a conversation could not qualify as a seizure c. the Fourth Amendment protects people, but not places d. there was no legitimate remedy for the alleged violation at the time, as the exclusionary rule did not yet exist yet

Q: According to your text, which is not a key feature that departments look for in recruits? a. emotional intelligence b. ability to communicate c. good family history d. maturity

Q: The _______________ is an invaluable tool in the selection process and aids in assessing an individual's current level of functioning as a potential police officer. a. interview with the chief b. polygraph c. oral interview d. pre-employment psychological evaluation

Q: Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 _____. a. requires authorization by a judge in the location of the tapped telephone b. allows the issuance of interception orders for any felony offense c. permits taps even when ordinary investigative procedures have not been exhausted d. requires that the order be executed "as soon as practicable"

Q: The statutory-based exclusionary rule in Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 applies to _____. a. wire, oral, and electronic communications b. electronic and wire communications, but not oral communications c. electronic and oral communications, but not wire communications d. wire and oral communications, but not electronic communications

Q: Considered a "learning position" for potential police candidates while they are pursuing their education: a. police dispatcher b. police cadet c. public service attendant d. community service attendant

Q: The label given to the current generation of 18 to 25 year olds: a. generation X b. generation Y c. yuppie d. generation Next

Q: Which statement concerning time limitations on the forensic examination phase of electronically stored information is correct? a. The police are only allowed 10 days to extract the evidence. b. The time period allowed to obtain the evidence is the same for forensic searches and more traditional searches. c. Law enforcement is allowed a shorter time period to obtain the evidence than normally allowed under a traditional search warrant. d. Rule 41 does not require magistrates to specify a time limit because the amount of time is unpredictable.

Q: What selection process can be used to examine a candidate's characteristics that might be otherwise difficult to assess, including poise, presence, and communication skills? a. one-on-one interview b. oral board c. polygraph d. interview with the chief

Q: What specific legislation authorizes courts to conduct closed reviews of surveillance materials? a. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) b. Stored Communications Act (SCA) c. Electronic communications Privacy Act (ECPA) d. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

Q: After the conditional offer of employment to a potential police candidate, the final stage of the selection process is: a. polygraph and medical evaluation b. psychological and polygraph evaluation c. physical agility and medical evaluation d. psychological and medical evaluation

Q: A _____ wiretap allows for interception of a particular suspect's communications wherever they are made, dispensing with the normal requirement that interceptions be limited to a fixed location. a. geographical b. roving c. non-specific d. roaming

Q: An adverse impact or a different rate of selection occurs when the selection rate for any gender, race, or ethnic group is less than _____ of the selection rate for the group with the highest selection rate. a. 50% b. 60% c. 80% d. 90%

Q: According to John Firman, the research director for the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), the most common restriction on hiring applicants for police service with a history of drug use within the recent past is _____ years for hard drugs and _____ years for marijuana. a. 5, 5 b. 10, 5 c. 10, 10 d. 20, 10

Q: The term _____ transfer refers to a transfer containing the human voice at any point between, and including, the point of origin and the point of reception? a. aural b. electronic c. intercept d. oral

Q: In Berger v. New York (1967) the issue was the constitutionality of a New York statute that authorized electronic surveillance pursuant to a judicial warrant. In the case, the Court: a. validated the law because the government had probable cause and the intrusion was reasonably related to what the government was looking for b. validated the law because it properly limited the nature, scope, or duration of the electronic surveillance c. invalidated the law because the government did not establish probable cause d. invalidated the law because it failed to properly limit the nature, scope, or duration of the electronic surveillance

Q: Intimidating to applicants is the ratio of applicants that actually make it to the police force is: a. 1 out of 100 b. 10 out of 100 c. 30 out of 100 d. 15 out of 100

Q: Which of the following is not considered when selecting police applicants? a. education b. physical abilities c. vision d. criminal history of parents

Q: The exacting process of computer forensic examination includes _____. a. read protecting the device b. connecting the computer to a network c. imaging the hard drive d. deconstructing the hard drive

Q: Among local law enforcement agencies, as reported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in 2003, _____ of local departments required a four-year college degree. a. 1% b. 25% c. 56% d. 81%

Q: What term describes tools for hiding, destroying, or counterfeiting the information relied on by digital forensics experts? a. anti forensics b. Trojans c. wipes d. back doors

Q: Select the correct answer regarding police educational requirements. a. Most departments require a four-year college degree. b. Most departments require a two-year college degree. c. Most departments require some college. d. Most departments do not require any college but require a high school degree or its equivalent.

Q: The first phase of searches of Electronically Stored Information (ESI) includes _____. a. entering the place(s) housing the devices on which data are stored b. seizing the devices on which the data may be stored as well as devices linked via networks c. examining the seized devices for the data described in a warrant d. providing the devices to forensic computer specialists who search for data described in a warrant

Q: _____ concerns the use of scientific methods toward the preservation, collection, and interpretation of digital evidence from digital sources. a. Forensic computer information systems b. Computer forensics c. Electronic surveillance d. Computer science

Q: Select the correct answer regarding police age requirements. a. Most departments require beginning officers to be less than 29 years old. b. Most departments require beginning officers to be less than 35 years old. c. Most departments have no maximum age limit. d. Fifty percent of departments have maximum age limits.

Q: Assess the requirements that some courts impose on applications for search warrants for electronically stored information. Identify the limitations in place and explain the rationale of these limitations.

Q: Which of the following do some researchers still consider discriminatory to women? a. background investigation b. psychological examination c. physical agility test d. written entrance exam

Q: The purpose of the medical examination is to: a. screen out as many candidates as possible b. ensure that candidates can do the police job c. screen out candidates who may suffer a future knee injury d. screen out candidates who suffer from chronic colds

Q: Explain the jurisdiction and procedures of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC).