Criminal Law

Q: The primary goal or objective of the police should be to arrest all offenders.

Q: Relate the circumstances under which a government entity can require employees to submit to drug testing.

Q: In the context of the Fourth Amendment, explain the differences between students who participate in extracurricular activities and those who do not participate in such activities.

Q: The police role is extremely ambiguous.

Q: A concept that suggests that the police are always present or always seem to be present is known as deterrence.

Q: What is a permissible justification for a roadside checkpoint? Give examples of a permissible and an impermissible justification.

Q: Warrantless searches are allowed for certain licensed and __________ industries.

Q: Movies and television shows about the police emphasize the police crime-fighting role.

Q: Statistics for the latest reporting year reveal that U.S. police made more than 13.7 million arrests for all criminal infractions, excluding _____ violations.

Q: "Special needs" exceptions are evaluated under the __________ standard of the Fourth Amendment.

Q: Studies of police discretion have shown that the most significant factor in the decision to arrest is the ____________ of the offense committed.

Q: The concept that the police role is very diverse and dynamic: _____________.

Q: Physical searches of students and their possessions may be conducted by school officials without a warrant based merely on __________ grounds.

Q: In City of Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000), the Supreme Court invalidated a program in which a warrantless highway checkpoint had been established to discover and interdict __________.

Q: The concept that the police role is very diverse and dynamic: _____________.

Q: The concept of "what do the police do" is known as the ________________.

Q: A view of the role of the police that emphasizes keeping the peace and providing social services: _________________.

Q: To protect public safety, governmental entities have sometimes required their employees to submit to drug testing. The Supreme Court has allowed these practices under circumstances that satisfy the requirements of the __________.

Q: Once an administrative search focuses on gathering evidence for a(n) __________, a search warrant must be obtained or the search must satisfy an exception to the warrant requirement.

Q: A view of the role of the police that emphasizes keeping the peace and providing social services: _________________.

Q: A major view of the role of the police that emphasizes crime fighting or law enforcement: ____________________.

Q: Federal law and the law of all fifty states provide for the collection of __________ samples from criminal offenders.

Q: Studies indicate that people who engage in ____________________ are much more likely to be the victims of police shootings.

Q: In the case of __________, the court upheld Customs Service regulations requiring employees seeking transfers or promotions to certain sensitive positions within the agency to submit to urinalysis testing .

Q: Studies indicate that people who engage in ____________________ are much more likely to be the victims of police shootings.

Q: The U.S. system of criminal justice is interested in the ____________________ in addition to the letter of the law.

Q: The police emphasize their role as ___________.

Q: The U.S. system of criminal justice is interested in the ____________________ in addition to the letter of the law.

Q: Fire investigations often require both __________ searches and __________ searches because they serve several different purposes and present varying degrees of emergency.

Q: The line between an administrative and a criminal search sometimes blurs. In distinguishing between them, it is important to look at the search's __________ and competing __________.

Q: In 1985 in Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with police use of deadly force, declaring the ____________________ unconstitutional.

Q: The police emphasize their role as ___________.

Q: In 1985 in Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with police use of deadly force, declaring the ____________________ unconstitutional.

Q: ____________________ and assisting prosecutors in bringing charges against defendants is one of the primary methods used by police to maintain order and protect life and property.

Q: The "special needs" doctrine is an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment, but not the probable cause requirement. a. True b. False

Q: The availability of a choice of options or actions one can take in a situation is called ____________________.

Q: With respect to drug testing of government employees, in order for the "special needs" doctrine to apply, the employee must be engaged in high-risk work, safety-sensitive tasks, or immediately aid in drug interdiction efforts. a. True b. False

Q: ____________________ and assisting prosecutors in bringing charges against defendants is one of the primary methods used by police to maintain order and protect life and property.

Q: The police try to create a sense that they are always there. This is called ____________________.

Q: Carl B. Klockars, in Idea of Police, broadly defines the basic function of the police as dealing with all those problems that may require the use of ____________________ force.

Q: Even at the borders of the United States, there is a reasonable expectation of privacy that has to be observed by the government. a. True b. False

Q: The availability of a choice of options or actions one can take in a situation is called ____________________.

Q: The Fourth Amendment clearly applies to searches and seizures conducted on the campuses of public colleges and universities. a. True b. False

Q: The police try to create a sense that they are always there. This is called ____________________.

Q: All are secondary goals of policing except: a. preventing crime b. arresting and prosecuting offenders c. assisting the sick and injured d. all are secondary goals of policing

Q: The two primary goals and objectives of police departments, according to Sheehan and Cordner are: a. maintain order and protect life b. investigate crimes and make arrest c. maintain order and prevent crime d. arrest individuals and protect property

Q: Because the search guidelines for college students are so vague and inconsistent, few generalizations can be made. a. True b. False

Q: Carl B. Klockars, in Idea of Police, broadly defines the basic function of the police as dealing with all those problems that may require the use of ____________________ force.

Q: When school administrators search for contraband in the schools, it is important to remember that the Fourth Amendment applies, but the warrant requirement does not. a. True b. False

Q: All are secondary goals of policing except: a. preventing crime b. arresting and prosecuting offenders c. assisting the sick and injured d. all are secondary goals of policing

Q: The first decision maker in the criminal justice system and often the most important is: a. the judge b. the defense attorney c. the police officer d. the prosecutor

Q: Police officers have _____ discretion. a. little b. tremendous c. limited d. no

Q: All states permit probation officers to conduct warrantless, suspicionless searches of persons on probation. a. True b. False

Q: Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz ruled unconstitutional a Michigan program that established roadside sobriety checkpoints without a warrant or particularized suspicion. a. True b. False

Q: The first decision maker in the criminal justice system and often the most important is: a. the judge b. the defense attorney c. the police officer d. the prosecutor

Q: Police officers have _____ discretion. a. little b. tremendous c. limited d. no

Q: Once an administrative search focuses on gathering evidence for a criminal prosecution, a criminal search warrant must be obtained or the search must satisfy an exception to the warrant requirement. a. True b. False

Q: The Smalltown Police Department uses social service agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered a _____ department. a. watchman b. legalistic c. moralistic d. service

Q: An administrative search is an inspection of a home or business with the specific purpose of determining compliance with various statutes and regulations. a. True b. False

Q: The Largetown Police Department issues many summonses and makes many misdemeanor arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a _____ department. a. watchman b. legalistic c. moralistic d. service

Q: In response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, cities across the United States took steps to increase security to protect buses, trains, ferries, and other forms of public transportation from terrorist attack. To date, the courts _____. a. have been antagonistic toward these measures b. have been supportive of these measures c. have refused to review appeals from these cases d. have not been asked to address this issue

Q: The Bigtown Police Department maintains order through informal police intervention, including persuasion and threats, or hassling or roughing up disruptive people instead of formal arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a _____ department. a. watchman b. legalistic c. moralistic d. service

Q: Police and fire officials are investigating a fire. Assume that a reasonable expectation of privacy remains in the premise and that no exception to the warrant requirement applies. Officials want to search the premises after the fire has been fully extinguished. The only purpose of the search is to determine the cause and origin of a recent fire. Which statement is true? a. Officials need an administrative search warrant. b. Officials need a criminal search warrant. c. Officials need neither an administrative nor a criminal search warrant. d. Officials need both an administrative and a criminal search warrant.

Q: Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson's operating styles? a. watchman b. legalistic c. service d. aggressive

Q: The only substantive restraint on the searches of objects that occur at a fixed or functional border of the United States is that they be _____. a. limited in scope to areas immediately accessible to the owner b. based on probable cause c. based on reasonable suspicion d. conducted in a reasonable manner

Q: Officer White concentrates her efforts on helping people in trouble, rather than on keeping society safe. According to Broderick, she would be considered a/an: a. realist b. optimist c. enforcer d. idealist

Q: For a search of a probationer's home by a probation officer to be considered an administrative search and not a criminal search, _____. a. the probation officer must have probable cause to believe that a crime was committed b. the probation officer must be pursuing probation-related objectives and not acting on behalf of the police c. the probation officer must have an exact idea of what he or she is looking for and what crime has been committed d. the search must have been prompted by information personally observed by the probation officer

Q: Officer Green believes that it is impossible to achieve the goals and objectives of the police department and concentrates his efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of his fellow officers. According to Broderick, he would be considered a/an: a. realist b. optimist c. enforcer d. idealist

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court has further clarified that warrantless searches of closely regulated enterprises are reasonable if they satisfy certain criteria, including _____. a. "substantial" government interest in supporting a regulatory scheme b. past warrantless searches having found evidence or safety violations c. the industry being among the top five producers of gross domestic product d. the need to be flexible in what defines the scope of a search

Q: Officer Brown believes his role is keeping the peace and preserving the social order, yet he is very careful not to violate the constitutional rights of individuals. According to Broderick, he would be considered a/an: a. realist b. optimist c. enforcer d. idealist

Q: Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court cases of Camara v. Municipal Court and See v. City of Seattle decided in 1967, administrative searches were _____. a. not considered to be true searches b. not subject to review by appellate courts c. subject to the warrant requirement d. not subject to the warrant requirement

Q: If evidence of criminal activity is discovered during the course of a valid administrative search and the evidence is readily viewable by the inspector, the evidence _____. a. cannot be seized even if a warrant is obtained b. cannot be seized without first obtaining a warrant c. may be immediately seized because probable cause is not necessary in an administrative search d. may be immediately seized under the plain view doctrine

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