Q&A Hero

Q: __________ assumes that society can remove an offender's physical ability to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.

Q: Rooted in the idea of treatment of the convicted, a _________________ sentence gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves.

Q: A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a __________ sentence.

Q: Sentencing guidelines have helped to shift discretion from the judge to the ___________.

Q: A _____________ report is a document prepared by a probation officer who investigates a convicted offender's background to help the sentencing judge select an appropriate sentence.

Q: The judged considered the defendant's criminal history and severity level of the offense when determining a sentence. What sentencing structure did she use?a. sentencing guidelinesb. gut feelc. mandatory sentencingd. sentencing disparity

Q: What is the report the judge used called?a. Presentence Investigationb. Post sentence Investigationc. Sentencing Guidelines Reportd. Biography of the Defendant

Q: Before Judge Jones sentences an offender, she reviews a report that allows her to learn more about the offender. Then she considers the severity level of the offense and the offender's criminal history to determine the appropriate sentence.Who prepared the report that the Court used to learn more about the offender?a. probation officerb. the defendantc. the defense attorneyd. the clerk

Q: Most likely, how was it determined Lacy committed the offense?a. DNA testingb. MAP testingc. EBP testingd. MCA testing

Q: What happened to Stacy is an example of aa. wrongful conviction.b. fair sentence.c. the risk you take when you commit crimes.d. the reality of having a twin sister.

Q: Tracy and Stacy have the same criminal histories and were both sentenced for a criminal sexual conduct offense. Tracy received a probation sentence and Stacy was sent to prison for twenty months. Six months later it was determined that Stacy was not involved in the offense. It was actually her twin sister Lacy. This was determined after critical evidence was reexamined.The sentences Tracy and Stacy received are an example ofa. sentencing disparity.b. good sentencing practices.c. "youdo the crime, you do the time."d. justice.

Q: What punishment practice was used in sentencing Cal?a. transportationb. lex talionisc. galley slaveryd. rehabilitation

Q: What punishment was used in sentencing Hal?a. lex talionisb. banishmentc. rehabilitationd. galley slavery

Q: What principle was practiced when Sal was sentenced?a. An eye for an eye.b. You plant corn you get corn.c. You win some you lose some.d. Three strikes and you're out.

Q: Sal committed a crime at a time when wrongs were avenged in accordance with lex talionis. Sal's brothers Hal committed a crime and was forced to row a ship as a punishment for the offense. Cal was moved to another region of the country as punishment for his offense.What time period was Sal sentenced in?a. Middle Agesb. twentieth centuryc. Reform erad. Crime-Control era

Q: _______________ involves the participation of the offender, the victim, and the community.a. Restorative justiceb. Rehabilitationc. Victim justiced. Community justice

Q: The presentence report is prepared by a a. probation officer. b. judge. c. prosecuting attorney. d. court clerk.

Q: Good-time credit a. is not allowed. b. provides an incentive for prisoners to follow institutional rules. c. creates more avenues for prison violence. d. cannot be given to violent offenders.

Q: The Fair Sentencing Act changed penalties for a. all drug offenses. b. selling crack cocaine. c. selling powder cocaine. d. possession of methamphetamine.

Q: When an innocent person is found guilty by plea or verdict it is known as a a. wrongful conviction. b. sentencing disparity. c. mandatory sentence. d. misrepresented sentence.

Q: __________ slavery was a form of criminal punishment used in the Middle Ages in which men were forced to row large ships all over the world, with some men being chained in these ships until their death. a. Transportation b. Wergild c. Corporal d. Galley

Q: ____________________ is a philosophy built upon the idea of the "greatest happiness for the greatest number," an idea that inspired English reformer Jeremy Bentham to advocate for a new philosophy of punishment that focused upon crime prevention. a. Wergild b. Enlightenment c. Classicalism d. Utilitarianism

Q: ______________ is known as the founder of what is now referred to as the Classical School of criminology. a. Jeremy Bentham b. Cesare Beccaria c. John Howard d. William Penn

Q: The earliest known forms of codified law were the Sumerian Laws of Mesopotamia (3100 BCE) and the _______________, developed by the King of Babylon in 1750 BCE. a. Roman Twelve Tables b. Law of Moses c. Draconian Code d. Code of Hammurabi

Q: In Europe before the 1200s a crime was determined to be a private affair, with vengeance to be carried out by the victim or the victim's family on the offender. This principle of punishment was centered on the idea of lex talionis, meaning the law of __________. a. punishment b. equality c. justice d. retaliation

Q: The _____________ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the judge select an appropriate punishment. a. prearrangement b. prerelease c. pretrial d. presentence

Q: Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are __________________ sanctions. a. definitive b. indeterminate c. determinate d. intermediate

Q: Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as___________________. a. specific deterrence b. specific retribution c. general deterrence d. general retribution

Q: According to the text, which of the following is NOT an invisible punishment? a. restricting access to public libraries b. denying felons the right to vote c. restricting access to certain occupations d. allowing termination of parental rights

Q: Excluding fines, the most frequently applied form of criminal sanction is_____________. a. probation b. parole c. community service d. incarceration

Q: More than 80 percent of all executions that have taken place in the United States since the Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty in 1976 have taken place in what region of the country? a. East b. West c. North d. South

Q: The goal of punishment referred to as ___________ asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished. a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

Q: According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of punishment? a. an offense b. the infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense c. use of community justice tactics to deter the offender d. a dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender

Q: A(n) ____________ sentence is a fixed period of incarceration and is often associated with the concept of retribution. a. indeterminate b. determinate c. intermediate d. presumptive

Q: Fines, forfeiture of illegally gained assets, and restitution to victims are all examples of what form of punishment? a. Intermediate sanctions b. Determinate sanctions c. Indeterminate sanctions d. Restrictive sanctions

Q: ____________ sentences are usually reserved for certain types of offenders, including those who commit violent offenses and serious drug offenses and habitual offenders. a. Determinate b. Presumptive c. Mandatory d. Indeterminate

Q: _____________ remains the standard punishment for people who commit serious crimes. a. Probation b. Incarceration c. Corporal punishment d. Parole

Q: The goal of rehabilitation is oriented mainly toward the _____________and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity ofthe crime. a. state b. victim c. offender d. law

Q: The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that a. the most serious offenders require shorter periods of incarceration. b. a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes. c. the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious and repetitive offenders. d. the crime rate will remain relatively stable if those who commit serious felonies are incarcerated for long periods.

Q: A new goal of punishment that has emerged over the last decade is called _________ justice. This process advocates a type of punishment that is designed to restore losses to the victim and the community while attempting to keep the offender connected to society. a. retributive b. restorative c. reconstructive d. restrictive

Q: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham were proponents of which major goal of punishment? a. incapacitation b. deterrence c. retribution d. rehabilitation

Q: The goal of punishmentthatfocuses on physically preventing an individual from committing future crimes is commonly referred to as______________. a. incarceration b. retribution c. incapacitation d. deterrence

Q: ________ is a goal of punishment that focuses on the notion that both an individual and society as a whole can be discouraged from committing similar crimes through the effective use of certain types of punishments. a. Restoration b. Deterrence c. Retribution d. Rehabilitation

Q: The biblical expression "________" is often used to illustrate the underlying premise of the punishment goal of retribution. a. sinners never sleep b. an eye for an eye c. blood in blood out d. pound of flesh

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the United States? a. rehabilitation b. retribution c. deterrence d. incarceration

Q: The concept of restorative justice is that the punishment should be designed to reform and rehabilitate the offender. a. True b. False

Q: The concept of deterrence assumes that people think rationally before they act. a. True b. False

Q: Sentencing disparities occur when no justification is given for imposing very different penalties on offenders with similar criminal histories who have commit the same offense. a. True b. False

Q: Felony courts hear about 90 percent of all criminal cases. a. True b. False

Q: Indeterminate sentences require a minimum and maximum amount of time for offenders to serve in prison. a. True b. False

Q: The death penalty is the extreme example of the punishment goal referred to as incapacitation. a. True b. False

Q: In the United States, only juries are responsible for sentencing offenders whom they have found guilty of a crime. a. True b. False

Q: Fines and restitution are examples of determinate sanctions. a. True b. False

Q: Another name for the historical period commonly referred to as the Age of Reason is "The Resurrection." a. True b. False

Q: The death penalty was used quite frequently during the Middle Ages. a. True b. False

Q: Three Strikes laws have had a major impact on reducing crime rates throughout the United States. a. True b. False

Q: The most frequently used form of criminal punishment used in the United States is incarceration. a. True b. False

Q: Not all US states use capital punishment as a sanction for those convicted of first-degree murder. a. True b. False

Q: The phrase "sentencing disparity" can be used interchangeably with "sentencing discrimination" since they both refer to the same issue. a. True b. False

Q: Sentencing guidelines are an instrument used by judges in some jurisdictions as a means of determining what a typical sentence should be for a particular crime based on a previously determined sentencing range. a. True b. False

Q: Discuss the events that lead to the crime-control model. Explain how community corrections and evidence-based corrections fit into this model.

Q: Compare and contrast the early Pennsylvania and New York penitentiary systems.

Q: What do the authors mean by a systems concept of corrections? How does this framework enhance and yet complicate our understanding of corrections?

Q: Correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect corrections. Give an example of each and discuss the reciprocal relationship between corrections and its environment.

Q: Please define the following terms: (1) Probation and (2) Parole. What are the major similarities and differences between the two sanctions? How are these sanctions commonly used in the United States today? Please explain your answer.

Q: A movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about what works is known as ___________________ corrections.

Q: In the __________ system, penalties would be graded according to the severity of the crime and offenders would be released from incarceration according to their performance.

Q: During the colonial period, little thought was given to ____________ offenders.

Q: A prison is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually __________.

Q: Most jails are administered by ____________ governments.

Q: A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours is known as a ________.

Q: Most criminal justice and correctional activity takes place at the ___________ level.

Q: Corrections can be viewed as a series of ____________________.

Q: In addition to protecting society, _______________ helps define the limits of behavior so that everyone in the community understands what is permissible.

Q: The US corrections system has seen a period of extraordinary steady growth for more than a __________________.

Q: An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation was called a _____________.

Q: The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to the _____________ model of corrections.

Q: The _________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.

Q: __________________ are a variety of punishments used by the courts that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.

Q: ____________ is a system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of their sentence.