Q&A Hero

Q: Due to changes in the work for correctional professionals, an increased emphasis on accountability has reduced individual ______________.

Q: The principle of ____________________ is the idea that different forms or intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach.

Q: A GPS tracking system is an example of an _____________ electronic monitoring system.

Q: Supervision on an intensive supervision program is ____________.

Q: Under civil law, property used in criminal activity can be seized without a finding of _____________.

Q: Pretrial diversion typically targets petty____________ offenders.

Q: For many offenders, a __________ is an adequate punishment.

Q: A _________ sentence is when the court imposes a period of incarceration to be served prior to probation.

Q: Probation is an alternative to ________________.

Q: Community corrections is based on the goal of punishing the offender as _____________ as needed to protect the community and to satisfy the public.

Q: ________________ is the term used to define the primary punishment alternative to incarceration employed in contemporary society.

Q: ________________ was a practice under English common law whereby a judge could suspend the imposition or execution of a sentence on a condition of good behavior on the part of the offender.

Q: A _____________ is a monetary criminal sanction based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day's work.

Q: ______________ occurs when the government seizes property derived from or used in criminal activity and can take both civil and criminal forms.

Q: In the United States, ___________ is the most commonly imposed sanction.

Q: ___________ is compensation for an injury to society by performance of service.

Q: A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of ___________ and control over the offender.

Q: _________ is a sum of money that the offender must pay either to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims.

Q: The main goal of community corrections legislation is to limit the dependence on _________.

Q: ________________ are a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.

Q: What model was used when imposing Nate's sentence?a. community correctionsb. crime controlc. medicald. treatment

Q: Nate was placed on what type of supervision?a. probationb. parolec. unsupervisedd. Nate was not ordered to any form of supervision.

Q: Nate was sentenced for a check forgery offense. Per Court order, he will spend thirty days in jail before being released under community supervision. The sentencing model used when imposing Nate's sentence assumes Nate can change without extended incarceration.What type of sentence was imposed for Nate?a. split sentenceb. prison sentencec. Two-phase sentencingd. parole sentence

Q: The money Katie is ordered to pay is known asa. restitution.b. debt.c. fine.d. fee.

Q: The condition of home confinement is commonly known asa. electronic monitoring.b. ETG monitoring.c. limited monitoring.d. TAD monitoring.

Q: What type of probation supervision is Katie going to be on?a. Intensive Supervision Program (ISP)b. Ricky probationc. unsupervised probationd. standard probation

Q: Katie is placed on probation and sentenced to participate in a boot camp. After completion of the boot camp, she will be placed on a small caseload with a probation officer under strict supervision conditions. One of the conditions is that Katie is confined to her home for sixty days. Katie is also ordered to pay $1000.00 to the victim of the offense.The boot camp is an example of ana. intermediate sanctionb. unjust consequence.c. extra thing to do.d. inhumane punishment

Q: The public service work Ryan was ordered to perform is also known asa. community service.b. restitution.c. free labor.d. fund raising.

Q: Ryan's car is taken due to the commission of this offense. This is an example ofa. forfeiture.b. stealing.c. robbery.d. restitution.

Q: Ryan is found guilty of a DWI. As a consequence, he is ordered to pay $500.00, his car is taken by the county, and he is ordered to participate in fifty hours of public service in lieu of going to jail.The $500.00 Ryan is ordered to pay is an example of what type of punishment?a. fineb. incarcerationc. monitoringd. reporting Center

Q: If an offender falls behind on restitution, they may be sent to aa. restitution center.b. day reporting center.c. boot camp.d. bank.

Q: According to the text, boot camps are designed for what type of offender? a. young b. violent c. career criminals d. female

Q: According to your text, one of the most popular objective risk assessment systems is the a. LSI-R. b. polygraph. c. STS. d. EHM.

Q: One way corrections predicts the risk of future criminal behavior is by using a. objective risk assessment instruments. b. gut feelings. c. the offenders past success on supervision only. d. polygraph tests.

Q: What type of agencies contract with probation and parole agencies to provided services to clients in the community? a. nonprofit b. hospitals c. banks d. television

Q: Those who support intermediate sanctions and community corrections must address three problems in order for the programs to be successful. Which of the following is NOT one of those problems? a. Community support for intermediate sanctions must increase. b. The government must respond to the need for better alternatives. c. The resistance to placing offenders in less restrictive options must be overcome. d. The purpose of intermediate sanctions must be clarified.

Q: The idea that different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach is known as the principle of______________________. a. incarceration b. initiation c. interchangeability d. integration

Q: According to your authors, the two most common types of intermediate sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding in the United States are _____________ and boot camps. a. intensive supervised probation b. home confinement c. shock incarceration d. community service

Q: Intermediate sanctions have two general goals, first, to provide more effective alternatives to probation and second, to serve as a. a tougher way of handling offenders. b. a deterrent for future criminal behavior. c. a way to eliminate biases in the system. d. a less costly alternative to prison.

Q: Intermediate sanctions fit the concept of ________, which is a range of punishments that vary in intrusiveness and control. a. widening the net b. pretrial diversion c. primary sanctions d. continuum of sanctions

Q: Judicial reprieve in the United States___________________. a. was used only for juvenile offenders b. was the source of widespread judicial corruption c. was never enacted and used d. was declared unconstitutional in 1916

Q: Which US state passed the nation's first Comprehensive Community Corrections Act in 1973? a. New York b. Pennsylvania c. Minnesota d. Massachusetts

Q: When savings from community corrections are used to help build up the crime prevention programs in communities that have the most people under community supervision, this process is referred to as justice _________________." a. distribution b. allocation c. sharing d. reinvestment

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three major arguments offered to support the community corrections movement in the United States? a. Reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to intermediate sanctions. b. Reduce tax revenues spent on corrections by transferring both the costs and the funding to less-expensive local correctional facilities. c. Reduce prison populations in general. d. Reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to state prisons.

Q: The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods? a. the 1920s through 1930s b. the 1980s through 1990s c. the 1940s through 1960s d. the 1970s through 1980s

Q: Between 1200 and 1827, English common law________________. a. discriminated against the upper social classes b. strove for equality in all matters c. discriminated solely against monks, nuns, and priests d. discriminated in favor of the upper social classes

Q: Which of the following is not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus? a. parole b. probation c. supervision conditions d. presentence investigation

Q: The majority of probationers in the United States are______________________. a. white and female b. black and male c. white and male d. latino and male

Q: Originally, probation was mainly used for ______________ offenders. a. violent b. drug c. first-time d. sex

Q: Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is more of an opportunity for_____________. a. use of force b. bias c. forgiveness d. clemency

Q: When prison alternatives are correctly applied to non-prison cases, they cannot______________. a. reduce crime b. save money c. deter crime d. lower recidivism rates

Q: Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity is called ____________. a. day fine b. forfeiture c. assessed valuation d. recidivism

Q: Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a smaller, specialized caseload is known as___________________. a. PSI b. ISP c. SIP d. IPS

Q: More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are________________. a. sentenced to home confinement b. in prison c. under community supervision d. actually innocent

Q: According to your authors, proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because they lack _________________. a. education b. job skills c. good parents d. self-respect

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three major problems your authors cite regarding intermediate sanctions? a. net destroying b. selecting offenders c. selecting agencies d. net widening

Q: All of the following are ways in which those convicted in the United States are currently placed on probation, except a. direct probation sentence. b. suspended probation sentence. c. intermediate sentence. d. split sentence.

Q: It is estimated that one out of every five probationers in the United States today has committed a ___________ crime resulting in their current probation. a. drug b. violent c. misdemeanor d. hate

Q: The goal of ________ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the probationer's activities and maintaining careful surveillance. a. risk management b. treatment management c. split sentencing d. community justice

Q: ________________, a Boston boot maker, was the first person in the United States with the title probation officer, dating back to 1841. a. Elam Lynds b. Jeremy Bentham c. John Augustus d. John Howard

Q: List two special problems jail detainees often present and explain why they represent an issue for jail administrators. Explain how these can jeopardize the security of the facility for the detainees and staff.

Q: Describe a new-generation jail and direct supervision. Explain the benefits of using this form of supervision with offenders in custody. Address any potential risk factors that may be present with direct supervision.

Q: Explain the ideas that gave rise to pretrial diversion. Discuss at least three main reasons advanced in support of pretrial diversion. What do critics counter? Discuss the successes and failures associated with this correctional practice.

Q: What is bail? Is this a reliable and effective system toward achieving the aims associated with its intent? Why or why not? What might we use instead?

Q: Describe the US jail population. List at least four distinct populations likely to be held in a jail. Identify the specific complications associated with the four populations you"ve identified. Discuss the management challenges this poses.

Q: Describe how the close link and relationship between jail administration and local politics affect jail operations and management.

Q: Many people take custodial positions on a ______________ basis while awaiting an opening in the ranks of the sheriff's law enforcement officers.

Q: A thirty- to ninety-day sentence is typical for a _____________ level of offense.

Q: In terms of cost,compared to incarceration, diversion has been shown to be a ___________ alternative.

Q: Release on recognizance assumes that ties to the _____________ give people an incentive to keep their promises to appear and to retain their status in the community.

Q: ___________ are those individuals who are dependent upon a drug or alcohol.

Q: Despite the short stays of inmates in jails, specialized treatment programs designed especially for jails have shown ________ amount of success.

Q: Most jails lack _________________ to provide care for mentally ill offenders.

Q: In jail, most _______________ episodes occur during or just after jail intake.

Q: One-third of the deaths that occur in jail are ___________.

Q: People in jail are younger and disproportionately African American, and in terms of marriage status most are ______________.

Q: As facilities to detain accused people awaiting trial, jails customarily have been run by law enforcement officials known as ___________.

Q: A _________ system is a system by which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate held.

Q: The two jurisdictions that currently house the most jail inmates in America are Los Angeles County and ____________.

Q: The smallest local jails in America are called police _____________.