Q&A Hero

Q: The basic probation function of___________ begins once the offender is sentenced by the court.

Q: __________ is a drug that inhibits drinking.

Q: The emotional and financial losses from crime are often communicated through ________________ statements.

Q: ___________ is a drug that reduces the craving for heroin.

Q: The ability to influence a person's actions in a desired direction without resorting to force is known as _____________.

Q: What specialized caseload would be appropriate for the supervision of Jodi?a. drug offenderb. sex offenderc. mental healthd. domestic abuse

Q: What will Agent Smith use to monitor Jodi's abstinence from the use of heroin?a. urinalysisb. gut feelc. self-reporting by Jodid. DNA testing

Q: Since Jodi admits to heroin use, Agent Smith is recommending she participate in a program to help control her cravings for heroin. What type of program is being recommended?a. methadone programb. Antabuse programc. medicinal marijuana programd. antisocial personality disorder program

Q: Jodi is awaiting sentencing for a drug offense. Prior to sentencing she meets with Agent Smith to discuss her upbringing, her drug use, and other aspects of her life. Jodi admits to regular use of heroin for the past three years.Why does Jodi meet with Agent Smith?a. To complete a presentence investigationb. To complete a probation violationc. To complete a mental health evaluationd. To complete a post-sentence evaluation

Q: What interview technique is Mark using with his clients?a. motivational interviewingb. manipulation interviewingc. degrading techniqued. determination interviewing

Q: When Mark meets with his clients, he is making a(n) ______________ with them?a. case planb. agendac. violation reportd. presentence report

Q: Mark is a probation officer who works with sex offenders only. He meets with each client monthly to identify goals for each client. He often has to use a specific interview technique with his clients to promote and determine their stakes in the change process.Since Mark supervises only sex offenders, what type of caseload does he have?a. specializedb. uniquec. normald. Specific

Q: If Adam doesn't complete chemical health programming, the judge coulda. revoke his probation.b. order someone else to attend programming for him.c. require the probation officer to attend the program for Adam.d. require the treatment program to counsel Adam at his home.

Q: Refusing to attend chemical health programming could be considered aa. technical violation.b. assumed violation.c. expected violation.d. common violation.

Q: Adam is on probation for a DWI. To help maintain sobriety, he is prescribed a medication that will make him extremely ill if he consumes alcohol. The judge ordered Adam to participate in chemical health programming as a condition of probation. Adam is refusing to attend programming because he does not think he has a drinking problem.What is Adam taking to help him maintain sobriety?a. Antabuseb. methadonec. marijuanad. Advil

Q: A drug that causes violent nausea if combined with alcohol is known asa. Antabuse.b. methadone.c. methamphetamine.d. Adderall.

Q: A drug that reduces craving for heroin is known as a. methadone. b. methamphetamine. c. antabuse. d. an opiate.

Q: Grouping probationers with similar problems (for example, drug addicts, sex offenders) into a single caseload is known as a. specialized supervision programs. b. discrimination. c. focused supervision. d. inappropriate use of resources.

Q: Which is not true regarding program characteristics for offenders? a. Only offer programs to high risk offenders who want to participate. b. Provide treatment programs designed to deal with the problems that produce the higher risk level. c. Provide greater levels of supervision for high risk offenders. d. Focus programs on high risk probationers.

Q: Constraints imposed on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem or need, such as substance abuse, are known as a. treatment conditions b. standard conditions c. punitive conditions d. necessary conditions

Q: In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report? a. Williams v. New York b. Morrisey v. Brewer c. Gagnon v. Scarpelli d. Bell v. Wolfish

Q: ________________ supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity. a. Group-oriented b. Non-technological based c. Specialization of d. Decreased reliance on

Q: Leaving one's jurisdiction without permission is an example of a __________ violation of probation. a. treatment b. punitive c. customary d. standard

Q: Community service is an example of a _______________ condition of probation. a. treatment b. punitive c. customary d. standard

Q: Effectiveness studies of probation almost always compare _____________________. a. one type of probation with another b. probation with parole c. probation with doing nothing d. probation with incarceration.

Q: Probation revocation can result from a new arrest or conviction, a rules violation, or a failure to comply with a condition of probation. Rules violations that result in revocations are often referred to as ___________ violations. a. minor b. technical c. conditional d. mechanical

Q: In regards to the effectiveness of community supervision, ________ emphasizes the importance of "results" in setting priorities and selecting activities. a. performance-based supervision b. objective supervision c. intensive supervision d. subjective supervision

Q: The offender's response to probation depends in part on his or her perception ofthe officer's ___________. a. intelligence b. authority c. power d. attitude

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the five principle components of a case management system? a. punitive assessment b. workload accounting c. systematic needs assessment d. case planning

Q: The informal constraints imposed by bureaucratic pressure on probation officers include all of the following except_________. a. case control b. competence c. preventive measures d. case management structure

Q: Formal constraints, the legal conditions of probation, whether standard, punitive, or treatment, are set by the ________ or are written into law. a. probation officer b. parole board c. court d. prosecution

Q: The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior is known as ______________. a. treatment b. recidivism c. conviction d. arrest

Q: ______________involves a variety of interpersonal techniques that increase the effectiveness of correctional treatment, by having the probation officer interact with the client in ways that promote the client's stake in the change process. a. Direct questioning b. Motivational interviewing c. Directed interrogation d. Rational assessment

Q: The lack of substantive power explains why probation officers rely heavily on __________. a. intelligence b. coercion c. court orders d. authority

Q: The most likely outcome of probation is that offenders _______________. a. are transferred to house arrest b. leave their area and are never located again c. are rearrested for violations d. complete their terms without violations

Q: In many jurisdictions, probation officers are legally classified as ________ officers, with the power to arrest. a. police b. judicial c. courtroom d. peace

Q: Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the three basic steps carried out by the probation officer during his or her supervisory role? a. The officer and offender establish goals to help the offender comply with the conditions of release. b. Based on the offender's response to supervision, the officer decides how to terminate probation. c. The officer establishes a relationship with the offender and defines the role of the offender and officer. d. The officer creates periodic progress reports to be given to the sentencing judge.

Q: When preparing the PSI report for the judge, the probation officer is engaging in which major function of his/her job? a. supervision b. monitoring c. surveillance d. investigation

Q: In many cases informal pressure is put on the probation officers to give the function of ________ higher priority than ________. a. supervision, investigation b. surveillance, investigation c. investigation, supervision d. monitoring, investigation

Q: Probation officers traditionally perform two basic functions: ___________ and supervision. a. protection b. investigation c. surveillance d. monitoring

Q: Case management systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on _________. a. recidivism rates b. court mandates c. client problems d. victim requests

Q: Two techniques that are crucial to enhancing the validity and reliability of PSI reports are ___________ and _________. a. subjectivity, verification b. verification, objectivity c. caution;subjectivity d. objectivity, caution

Q: The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on ______________. a. victim rights b. public safety c. recidivism rates d. restorative justice

Q: The PSI process typically begins with a(n)____________ interview. a. victim(s) b. sentencing judge c. offender d. probation officer

Q: A probation officer faces role conflict every day. This conflict centers on _______________. a. the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender b. the responsibilities of enforcing the law while simultaneously trying to help the offender c. personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job d. the pressure of constructing presentence investigation reports

Q: One main purpose of the probation officer's supervision is to enforce compliance with conditions. a. True b. False

Q: Private investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSIs. a. True b. False

Q: The model system of case management has five principal components. a. True b. False

Q: Fines, community service, and restitution are examples of standard conditions of probation. a. True b. False

Q: According to the text, a prospective probation officer is expected to have a four-year degree in criminal justice, social work, or some other related field. a. True b. False

Q: Nationally all individual US probation systems include a sentence recommendation to the presiding judge. a. True b. False

Q: The PSI plays a minimal role in the actual sentencing process. a. True b. False

Q: Formal constraints are the legal conditions of probation. a. True b. False

Q: A probation officer faces role conflict in virtually every aspect of the job. a. True b. False

Q: Probation officers can investigate only rule violations, not new crimes. New crimes must be handled by local police departments. a. True b. False

Q: As a whole, adult probationers' needs tend to be quite similar regardless of their backgrounds. a. True b. False

Q: Probation officers rely upon their power because they have little substantive authority over their clients. a. True b. False

Q: Probation may be revoked if the probationer fails to attend a mandatory therapy session. a. True b. False

Q: PSIs disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender's action. a. True b. False

Q: Typically the court orders the PSI after the offender's arraignment. a. True b. False

Q: Intermediate sanctions are used for offenders coming out of prison. a. True b. False

Q: The Drug Court is an example of a specialized court. a. True b. False

Q: When looking at the use intermediate sanctions, the only factor considered is the crime the offender committed. a. True b. False

Q: Under the continuum of sanctions, an offender is moved based on his or her degree of response to correctional programs. a. True b. False

Q: The law-enforcement role of probation emphasizes surveillance of the offender and close controls on behavior. a. True b. False

Q: According to recent criminological studies, prison has been quite successful at changing people for the better. a. True b. False

Q: Many in the field believe that one common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that these programs lead to a widening of the net, increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government. a. True b. False

Q: There are currently three different types of electronic monitoring devices that are used throughout the United States: active, passive, and reactive. a. True b. False

Q: Under home confinement, offenders can carry out their sentence of incarceration only in their homes; no variations are possible. a. True b. False

Q: Compared to other Western democracies, the United States makes little use of fines as the sole punishment for crimes more serious than motor vehicle violations. a. True b. False

Q: From the 1940s through the early 1960s, leaders of probation and other correctional branches throughout the United States embraced a medical model, focusing primarily on treatment of the offender. a. True b. False

Q: The nation's first full-time probation officer, and the creator of the term "probation," was John Howard. a. True b. False

Q: It costs US taxpayers almost twice as much to have a person placed on probation as it costs to incarcerate them in a prison or jail cell. a. True b. False

Q: The nation's first probation agencies were units of the judicial branches of city and county governments and were found primarily in the Southern United States. a. True b. False

Q: Today in the United States, nongovernment agencies can also be used to administer community corrections programs. a. True b. False

Q: What is meant by the term justice reinvestment? How have the lessons of community-based corrections helped shape this new model?

Q: Identify the three major trends or shifts in the working environment of corrections. Discuss the evolution of the role of the correctional professional, focusing on these trends or shifts. What is the significance of these shifts?

Q: Who was John Augustus? Identify and explain what he did for the field of corrections. Why were these developments so important? How have they shaped corrections?

Q: Define and explain intermediate sanctions. Discuss the main argument for the use of intermediate sanctions instead of prison. What are the two basic goals of these sanctions? Finally, identify and discuss at least three problems associated with intermediate sanctions. Are these problems solvable?

Q: Define the term community corrections. What is the major goal of these types of sanctions? List and briefly explain the four main factors most often cited for supporting community corrections.