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Counseling
Q:
The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence. Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed crimes because women are seeking
a. equality.
b. transition.
c. financial gain.
d. structure.
Q:
Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach?
a. The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment.
b. The person has the capacity to resolve his or her own problems in a climate of safety.
c. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy.
d. The focus is on exploration of a client's past.
Q:
Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence. Which major theory of criminality would best explain Christina's criminal behavior based on her formative years?
a. Psychological
b. Social contract
c. Social process
d. Social structure
Q:
An authentic counselor is best described as:
a. modeling what it means to be a self-actualized person.
b. being willing to be totally open and self-disclosing.
c. being a technical expert who is committed to objectivity.
d. being willing to shed stereotyped roles and being a real person.
Q:
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game. He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage. This was Jeff's first ever problem at the bar. Which of the following would therefore apply to Jeff's situation?
a. patron aggression.
b. victimization
c. situational victimization.
d. revictimization
Q:
Whitaker's experiential/symbolic approach is based on a well-developed theory of how a family changes.
Q:
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game. He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage. Jeff receives assistance from a volunteer agency that helps to navigate the court system. Such a group is often referred to as a(n) _________ assistance program.
a. inmate
b. legal aid
c. offender
d. victim
Q:
The process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings is known as:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
Q:
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game. He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage. Jeff will most likely file a _____ lawsuit against the offenders who injured him, which will not be difficult to win.
a. criminal
b. tort
c. civil
d. motion
Q:
Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach?
a. Therapists should give advice when clients need it.
b. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.
c. Therapists should function largely as teachers
d. Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.
e. both (c) and (d)
Q:
Which humanistic approach emphasizes the basic attitudes of the therapist as the
core of the therapeutic process?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. cognitive-behavioral therapy
e. family therapy
Q:
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game. He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage. Because Jeff and his coworkers attend a bar late at night, they could be considered at a higher risk of criminal activity. This is known as _________ theory.
a. lifestyle-exposure
b. routine activities
c. social control
d. learning
Q:
Carl Whitaker's style focuses on his own spontaneous reactions and craziness as a way to tap material that a family keeps secret.
Q:
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game. He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage. Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him. This would be known as
a. victim precipitation.
b. revictimization.
c. repetitive victimization.
d. victimization.
Q:
According to _______ theory, crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment.
a. Biological
b. Psychological
c. Social structure
d. Social process
Q:
The cognitive distortion that consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event is:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own victimization in a crime is referred to as
a. victim precipitation.
b. revictimization.
c. repetitive victimization.
d. victim notification.
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework?
a. unconditional positive regard
b. creative expression
c. accurate empathetic understanding
d. congruence
Q:
Which medical researcher suggested that when environmental lead finds its way into the developing brain, it disturbs impulse control?
a. Cesar Lombroso
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Herbert Needleman
Q:
Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies?
a. existential therapy
b. cognitive therapy
c. reality therapy
d. behavior therapy
e. rational emotive behavior therapy
Q:
Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?
a. Human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, not by free will.
b. Human behavior is determined by free will.
c. Criminals are different from noncriminals.
d. Science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.
Q:
The cornerstone of Bowen's theory is differentiation of self.
Q:
The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?
a. The right to be questioned by the accused
b. The right to reasonable notice of any court proceeding, parole proceeding, release, or escape of the accused
c. The reasonable right to confer with the federal prosecutor
d. The right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay
Q:
In the person-centered approach, the person-to-person manner of approaching clients is considered:
a. essential in the therapeutic relationship.
b. a proxy for setting goals for therapy.
c. a rigid adherence to treatment methodology.
d. a way to maintain healthy boundaries in counseling.
e. the therapist's attempt to prevent over-involvement with the client.
Q:
Which of the following is a common measure taken by poorer individuals in an attempt to reduce the fear of crime?
a. Hiring private security companies
b. Moving to the suburbs
c. Installing home security systems
d. Working in the night shift
Q:
Which of the following is more closely linked to the exposure to crime?
a. Having a higher income
b. Living in a rural area
c. Living in a suburban area
d. Living in a city
Q:
Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. existential approach
d. person-centered approach
Q:
The focus of Bowen's multigenerational approach is on dealing with family of origin issues and detriangulating relationships.
Q:
Individual Americans influence criminal justice policy through their involvement in community organizations, such as
a. neighborhood associations.
b. parent-teacher organizations.
c. church groups.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Women's share of arrests is the highest for which type of crime?
a. Robbery
b. Rape
c. Murder
d. Larceny-theft
Q:
In Meichenbaum's self-instructional therapy, focus is on:
a. detecting and debating irrational thoughts.
b. learning the power of reexperiencing childhood events.
c. learning the A-B-C theory of emotional disturbances.
d. carrying out shame-attacking exercises in daily life.
e. none of the above
Q:
What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?
a. The gender gap, and the differences in types of offenses committed by men and women
b. The fact that women are more criminal than men, and also commit more serious crimes
c. The role of victimization in offending, and the disparate treatment of minority offenders
d. The income inequality between men and women, and the fact that women are more likely to live with their children
Q:
What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?
a. defining concrete and measurable goals
b. the therapist's technical skills
c. the relationship between the client and therapist
d. the therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems
e. the client's motivation for change
Q:
It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to:
a. be aware of their own cultural heritage.
b. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility.
c. consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.
d. examine their own assumptions about cultural values.
e. all of the above
Q:
Most women criminals come from __________ families.
a. upper-class
b. middle-class
c. lower-class
d. upper-middle-class
Q:
In relation to men, women commit _____ crime.
a. more
b. the same amount of
c. less
d. more violent
Q:
Given the multicultural lens, it is difficulty to find shortcomings of family therapy for a diversity perspective.
Q:
Prior to the 1970s, why was it assumed that women did not commit serious crimes?
a. Women were not physically strong enough.
b. Women were assumed to be very dependent and nurturing.
c. Women were not given the opportunities to commit serious crimes.
d. Women were too intelligent.
Q:
Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of:
a. stress symptoms.
b. anxiety reactions.
c. phobias.
d. depression.
e. cardiovascular disorders.
Q:
In a person-centered view, the actualizing tendency implies that humans:
a. have an innate desire to move toward health and fulfillment.
b. can achieve their goals with proper motivation.
c. need a growth promoting climate to move forward.
d. all of the above
e. both (a) and (c) are true
Q:
Which theorist argued that the women's movement increased the role of women in criminal activity?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Freda Adler
c. Edwin Sutherland
d. Richard Herrnstein
Q:
Which theory involves the use of the criminal law to control society's poor and have-nots?
a. Social conflict
b. Learning
c. Social structure
d. Labeling
Q:
What are the three social process theories?
a. Learning, control, and labeling
b. Biological, psychological, and sociological
c. Id, ego, and superego
d. Critical, radical, and Marxist
Q:
Which theory views family and peers as primary influences on criminal activity?
a. Control theory
b. Labeling theory
c. Learning theory
d. Conflict theory
Q:
Who created the theory of differential association?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. James Q. Wilson
c. Cesare Lombroso
d. Edwin Sutherland
Q:
Which theory contains the idea that any person, regardless of education, class, or upbringing, can become a criminal?
a. Biological theory
b. Social process theory
c. Social conflict theory
d. Social structure theory
Q:
________ theory, a type of social process theory, stresses that social links keep people in line with accepted norms.
a. Labeling
b. Learning
c. Control
d. Normal
Q:
A ________ explanation of criminal acts argues that being a member of a social group shapes behavior.
a. biological
b. psychological
c. sociological
d. physiological
Q:
Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from a(n)
a. overdeveloped id.
b. perfectly developed ego.
c. underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego.
d. underdeveloped or overdeveloped ego.
Q:
Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on
a. adult experiences causing criminal behavior.
b. social explanations of crime.
c. biological explanations of crime.
d. unconscious drives and forces explaining crime.
Q:
Which stage of life is the most significant in Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?
a. Fetal development
b. Early childhood
c. Early adulthood
d. Middle age
Q:
______________ explanations view the cause of criminal behavior from a mental condition, a personality disturbance, or limited intellect
a. Biological
b. Psychological
c. Criminogenic
d. Sociological
Q:
If a person is defined as criminogenic, this means that he or she
a. became a criminal as an adult.
b. was born a criminal.
c. became a criminal as a result of a traumatic experience.
d. will never become a criminal.
Q:
Which type of criminology uses science to study the body, mind, and environment of the offender?
a. Classical
b. Neoclassical
c. Positivist
d. Victimology
Q:
Which of the following is not a main principle of classical criminology?
a. Criminal behavior is rational.
b. People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits.
c. Fear of punishment keeps most people in check.
d. Punishment should be tailored to each individual person.
Q:
The fear of crime is fed by
a. television.
b. news media.
c. personal communication in social networks.
d. All of the above feed the fear of crime.
Q:
The fear of crime is greatest in
a. rural areas.
b. suburban areas.
c. urban areas.
d. the workplace.
Q:
Which of the following is true about crime in America?
a. Crime rates are increasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
b. Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
c. Crime rates are increasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
d. Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
Q:
According to the recent statistics, the highest percentage of Americans fears/worries about in terms of personal victimization is:
a. mugging.
b. murder.
c. identity theft.
d. terrorism.
Q:
Crime in poor areas is always
a. high.
b. low.
c. moderate.
d. affected by many factors.
Q:
According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following does not affect victimization?
a. Exposure
b. Associations
c. Lifestyle
d. Self-control
Q:
According to your text, which of the following statements best reflects racial victim crime statistics?
a. Most violent crime is interracial.
b. Whites are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
c. Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
d. African Americans and other minorities are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
Q:
According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following groups is most likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?
a. Elderly white females
b. Elderly white males
c. Elderly black females
d. Young black males
e. Young white males
Q:
As the status of women changes some believe that the women will commit more crimes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
"Criminal behavior is rational" is a view held by those supporting a biological explanation of crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Cesare Lombroso postulated that physical traits distinguish criminals as a feature of the biological explanation of crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Crime victims may not file lawsuits against the offenders who injured them.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Justice for All Act of 2004 created legislative guarantees of victim rights in eight different categories.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Public opinion polls indicate that as many as 60% of Americans are afraid to walk in their neighborhoods at night.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Low-income city dwellers tend not to be the victims of crime as much as wealthy city-dwellers because thieves target those with wealth.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Crime has many kinds of costs, including economic, psychological, and emotional.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Repetitive victimization refers to individuals who are victimized by crime more than once during a relatively brief period of time.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Wilson and Herrnstein's book Crime and Human Nature (1985) argued that certain biological factors such as sex, age, body type, and intelligence predispose some people to crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
If crime is learned behavior, then policies to promote stable families should exist.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Theories of crime causation do not affect laws and crime policies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Labeling is an example of a social process theory.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Marxism is an example of social conflict theory.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Research shows that the number of women being arrested has decreased significantly.
a. True
b. False