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Counseling
Q:
Strategic family therapy stresses some of the same basic concepts as the structural approach to family therapy.
Q:
Cognitive behavioral therapy group leaders:a. believe that homework assignments outside of the group are equally as valuable as experiences in the group.b. use a psychoeducational approach.c. focus on specific techniques.d. emphasize the importance of expressing and processing emotions.e. all but (d)
Q:
Explain the difference between repetitive victimization and revictimization.
Q:
Why do individuals who live in lower socioeconomic conditions have higher rates of crime and are also more likely to become victims of crime?
Q:
Explain what life course theories seek to do.
Q:
Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers?
a. He was raised with strict religious standards in his home.
b. He developed cognitive therapy.
c. At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry.
d. He made a contribution toward achieving world peace.
e. He was a pioneer in humanistic approaches to counseling.
Q:
Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor?
a. being able to modify techniques to accommodate cultural differences
b. being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately
c. being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly
reexperience early childhood events
d. assuming the role of consultant and change agent
Q:
Discuss two factors from your book addressing why women may constitute such a small percentage of criminal activity in relation to men.
Q:
How might you explain the renewed interest in biological explanations of crime?
Q:
The focus of strategic family therapy is on growth and resolving historical conflicts in a family rather than on dealing with present problems of a family.
Q:
Compare and contrast two of the following three explanations for criminal behavior:
- Biological
- Psychological
- Sociological
Q:
Cognitive behavioral therapists assist client's in using language that:
a. is not self-condemning.
b. depicts the client's thoughts in a rational and accurate manner.
c. replaces absolutes with preferences.
d. all of the above
Q:
One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves:
a. a respect for the client's subjective experience.
b. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices.
c. an emphasis on freedom.
d. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.
e. both (a) and (b)
Q:
Discuss two of the factors discussed in your text that demonstrate how anyone may be a victim of crime.
Q:
You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as:
a. resistance.
b. a manifestation of uncooperative behavior.
c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context.
d. a clear sign that counseling will not work.
Q:
________ theories would attempt to identify people who have traits that make them prone to crime and then treat or control those people.
Q:
Two-thirds of violent crimes against females in 2009 were committed by ________.
Q:
Strategic family therapists do not generally deal with the presenting problem; rather, they focus on the underlying symptom of a dysfunctional system.
Q:
Fear is regarded as a(n) _______ cost of crime.
Q:
Cognitive restructuring is best described as:
a. teaching clients to identify their irrational thoughts.
b. teaching clients to replace unhelpful thoughts with more adaptive cognitions.
c. teaching clients to reduce the frequency of their maladaptive thoughts.
d. teaching clients to think logically.
Q:
The _____ are less likely than the poor to be the victims of crime.
Q:
What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?
a. The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy.
b. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other therapies.
c. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's life.
d. The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy.
e. It is a long-term approach to therapy.
Q:
Theories that identify the factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of an offender are known as _________ theories
Q:
Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to:
a. depend entirely on their own internalized value assumptions about what is good for people.
b. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice.
c. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy.
d. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life.
Q:
__________ hold that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to the society are broken or weakened.
Q:
Strategic family therapy has its foundation in communications theory.
Q:
_________ study the role victims play in precipitating a criminal incident and the impact of crimes on victims.
Q:
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Meichenbaum's constructivist approach to cognitive behavior therapy?
a. It is more structured and more directive than standard cognitive therapy.
b. It give more emphasis to the past.
c. It tends to target deeper core beliefs.
d. It explores the behavioral impact and emotional toll a client pays for clinging to certain metaphors.
Q:
In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists:
a. communicate a deep sense of understanding.
b. provide genuine support and warmth.
c. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction.
d. all of the above
e. all but (c)
Q:
__________ are the factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual.
Q:
One impact of crime is _______, which limits freedom.
Q:
During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?
a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option.
b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby.
c. Suggest a referral for her if your values might interfere with your objectivity.
d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.
e. both (c) and (d)
Q:
Feminist _________ researchers focus on the impact of critical life events, such as victimization, to determine why some women engage in criminal behavior.
Q:
Minuchin's approach to therapy is geared more toward insight, rather than being a therapy of action.
Q:
The constructivist perspective in cognitive therapy holds that:
a. clients must accept objective reality if they hope to change.
b. there is really no difference between objective and subjective reality.
c. one's problems are merely a product of one's imagination.
d. there are multiple realities and a therapist's task is to help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they author their own stories.
e. we all construct irrational beliefs and must change those if we hope to find happiness.
Q:
The idea that criminal law is a way for the rich to control the poor is called _________ theory.
Q:
Beginning in the 1990s, theorists recognized that female criminality was best explained using the criminological theory branch of __________.
Q:
In Carl Rogers's view, diagnosis is considered:
a. a useful tool for case conceptualization.
b. a meaningful way of understanding of a client's psychological state.
c. a labeling process that diminishes the therapist's ability to develop a holistic understanding of the client.
d. a necessary process that does not impact the course of therapy.
e. both (a) and (b)
Q:
If a counselor is intent on directing your client toward his or her personal values, ethical
practice states that:
a. you tell the person he or she holds incorrect values.
b. you keep your attitudes and beliefs to yourself, and strive to appear accepting and understanding.
c. you inform potential clients of those values that will certainly influence your intervention with them.
d. none of the above
Q:
The argument that crime is a natural part of the social life was set forth by __________.
Q:
Freud's personality theory comprises the id, the ego, and the ___________.
Q:
Structural family therapists limit their interventions to families alone.
Q:
According to Meichenbaum, the first step in the change process involves:
a. learning the A-B-C model of disputing irrational thinking.
b. learning a new dialogue.
c. observing one's behavior and thinking patterns.
d. learning coping skills.
e. discovering insight into the cause of one's problem.
Q:
The argument that criminals are born criminals was purported by ___________.
Q:
Arguably, the most central limitation of the person centered approach is:
a. their view of assessment and diagnosis.
b. the therapist's limitations as a person.
c. shortcomings of the studies of the approach.
d. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles.
Q:
The role of the counselor's personal values in therapy is best described as:
a. teaching and persuading clients to act the right way.
b. counselors would do well to maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports.
c. counselors should avoid challenging the values of their clients.
d. counselors avoid imposing their values, but they are likely to expose their values to clients.
Q:
The goal of structural family therapy is to break down any hierarchical structure and replace it with equal relationships among all family members.
Q:
Of the following cognitive techniques, which one would Beck be least likely to employ?
a. exploring cognitive distortions
b. helping clients to replace negative imagery with more positive and successful coping scenes
c. confronting the musturbatory thinking of a client
d. encouraging clients to participate in cognitive rehearsal
e. teaching clients ways of testing hypotheses
Q:
__________ criminology maintains that crimes result from rational choices.
Q:
The technique of reflection involves the therapist:
a. restating the client's words verbatim.
b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client.
c. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.
d. both (a) and (c) are true
Q:
Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them:
a. to heal their own psychological wounds.
b. to gain an experiential sense of what it is like to be a client.
c. to understand their own needs and motives for choosing to become professional helpers.
d. to work through their own personal conflicts.
e. all of the above
Q:
___________ criminology maintains that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors.
Q:
An Essay on Crimes and Punishments was written by ___________ in 1764.
Q:
Structural family therapy deals with boundaries.
Q:
The concept of automatic thoughts plays a central role in whose theory?
a. Ellis
b. Beck
c. Meichenbaum
d. Lazarus
e. none of the above
Q:
The _____________ model argues that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.
Q:
In regard to gender, ________ are more likely to become victims of crime.
Q:
Fear of crime is greatest in _______ areas.
Q:
In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must:
a. have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament.
b. clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences.
c. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client.
d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective experience.
Q:
In the text, the main reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them to:
a. work through early childhood trauma.
b. learn to deal with countertransference.
c. recognize and resolve their co-dependent tendencies.
d. become self-actualized individuals.
Q:
A field of criminology that examines the role of a victim is called _______.
Q:
The _________ industry increases our fear of crime by sensationalizing crime news.
Q:
Minuchin's structural therapy is based on the notion that an individual's symptoms are best understood from the vantage point of interactional patterns within a family, and that structural changes must occur in a family before an individual's symptoms can be resolved.
Q:
________ are the racial group most likely to be victims of crime.
Q:
To a large degree, cognitive therapy is:
a. an experiential model.
b. a psychoeducational model.
c. a psychodynamic model.
d. based on principles borrowed from Gestalt therapy.
Q:
The conservative movement resurrected the concept of rationale choice and with it this approach gained acceptance in the United States in the 1980s.
a. Post-classical school
b. The classical school
c. Positivist criminology
d. Neoclassical criminology
Q:
The concept of "unconditional positive regard" implies:
a. the therapist's acceptance of the client's right to all his or her feelings.
b. acceptance of all behavior on the client's part.
c. the therapist's acceptance of the client as a worthy being without stipulations.
d. both (a) and (c)
Q:
People generally have the least fear of crime in
a. rural areas.
b. suburban areas.
c. urban areas.
d. the workplace.
Q:
Researchers have identified some traits of the effective counselor. What best captures the spirit of these studies?
a. Effective counselors are emotionally healthy.
b. Effective counselors are tolerant of divergent beliefs and lifestyles.
c. Effective counselors have a deep interest in people.
d. Effective counselors hold positive beliefs about people and see them as trustworthy and capable.
e. all of the above
Q:
According to the lifestyle exposure model, which groups are least likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?
a. Elderly white males and elderly white females
b. Elderly white males and young black females
c. Elderly black females and elderly white females
d. Young black males and elderly black females
e. Young white males and elderly white females
Q:
Because Bowen's multigenerational approach looks at families from a three-generational perspective, the therapist is mainly interested in past happenings and does not pay much attention to present issues.
Q:
The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he was just about to do. The coach immediately was able to assist Dominic to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually leads to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic has high, prominent cheekbones. This physical attribute in a criminal would be considered a(n) ____ trait.
a. criminogenic
b. psychoanalytic
c. antisocial
d. sociopath
Q:
The person-centered therapist is best described as a:
a. facilitator.
b. teacher.
c. human engineer.
d. friend.
Q:
Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he was just about to do. The coach immediately was able to assist Dominic to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually leads to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his "friends." Edwin Sutherland referred to this as
a. anomie.
b. strain.
c. differential association.
d. process.
Q:
In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person except:
a. counselors have a sense of humor.
b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.
c. counselors feel alive and their choices are life-oriented.
d. counselors make mistakes and they are willing to admit them.
e. counselors appreciate the influence of culture.
Q:
Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he was just about to do. The coach immediately was able to assist Dominic to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually leads to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic participated in crime as a teen, but was able to go on and make a successful life for himself. Which theory would Dominic's case best support?
a. Psychological theory
b. Life course theory
c. Sociological theory
d. Gender theory
Q:
Satir's human validation model focuses on functional versus dysfunctional communication in families.
Q:
Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence. Christina now lives in an upscale neighborhood and is in a committed stable relationship. She is a different person and has no interest in crime. Which major theory of criminality would best explain this change?
a. Psychological
b. Social contract
c. Social process
d. Social structure
Q:
Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence. Christina's depression played a significant part in her criminal lifestyle. Which theory best explains this and why this is so?
a. Gender explanations
b. Life course explanations
c. Sociological explanations
d. Psychological explanations