Q&A Hero

Q: How does the use of segregation affect prisoners, especially during their initial confinements?

Q: Describe the direction of community corrections.

Q: Discuss the pros and cons of prison privatization.

Q: Discuss two landmark cases in which constitutional rights were extended to prisoners? Do you think that prisoners have too many rights (after all, once incarcerated, you lose many rights along with your freedom)?

Q: What challenges do female prisoners face during incarceration? How do these differ from those faced by male prisoners?

Q: Which model of corrections do you think would be most successful in reducing criminal behavior following incarceration?

Q: What were the main criticisms of the separate confinement and congregate systems? Why did the United States move away from these methods of incarceration?

Q: _____ are non-citizens who are in the United States legally but have been convicted of a crime.

Q: Get-tough polices are associated with the ____ model of corrections.

Q: Deportation hearings are conducted by______.

Q: _____ courts are an alternative to criminal courts as they can help those with emotional and developmental issues.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court decision in _____ signaled the end of the hands-off policy.

Q: In the past three decades, the states and the federal government have passed laws that _____ sentences for most crimes.

Q: People on ____ under community supervision now make up 57% of the correctional population, yet budgets and staffing have not risen accordingly.

Q: Designed for first-time felons aged 16 to 30, the approach at Elmira incorporated a(n) _____ of classification, indeterminate sentencing, and parole.

Q: The _____ model of corrections emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy.

Q: ______ is a model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.

Q: President Reagan's crusade against illegal narcotics was called the _______.

Q: Under the ______ system, inmates benefited from continued recordings of good behavior, which increased their grade toward release.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court has determined that cruel and unusual punishment must be based on the _____ in the institution.

Q: The racial identity of nearly half of the hails population is ______.

Q: Though a majority of the populationin the United States, ______ form only a small minority of the country's prison population.

Q: ______ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than 1 year.

Q: _____ prisons are managed by nongovernmental bodies.

Q: The administration of prisons is part of the _____ branch of government.

Q: The correctional responsibilities of the federal government are divided between the _____ and the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.

Q: The _____ was created by Congress in 1930, and currently operates a system of prisons located throughout the nation.

Q: The _____ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological influences.

Q: An institution for young offenders emphasizing training is called a(n) ______.

Q: Under the _____ system, inmates' labor was sold to private employers.

Q: An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society is called a(n) ______.

Q: Explain how and why the system treats wrongdoers equally. Be sure to include who is treated unfairly in your answer.

Q: In Kennedy v. Louisiana, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty cannot be applied to cases involving child rape. Did the court make the right decision? Why or why not?

Q: What is the significance of the presentence report to the defendant who is in the sentencing phase of his or her trial?

Q: The use of DNA evidence has been widely known to lead to exonerations. What other factors may contribute to exonerations?

Q: Probation is the most utilized form of punishment in the United States. Is probation the most effective use of punishment for the law-abiding citizen regarding protection and cost effectiveness?

Q: How did the abolition of the death penalty in 2011 in Illinois reflect changes in the use of technology? What other issues relating to cost were involved?

Q: Give two examples of how budget cutbacks influence the use of mandatory sentencing and of good time.

Q: In your opinion, why does the United States rely on incarceration so heavily as a form of punishment? Why don't we use intermediate sanctions as frequently as other countries do?

Q: Some countries use corporal punishment as a sanction in criminal cases. Do you think the United States should use a system of corporal punishment to control crime? What results might we see in such a system?

Q: Which purposes of punishment is the death penalty designed to serve?

Q: According to the U.S. Supreme Court landmark cases involving the use of the death penalty, its use does not violate the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (that is, it is not cruel and unusual punishment). Do you agree with this view? Explain why or why not.

Q: The advent of ____ analysis has had a large impact on exonerating the innocent.

Q: A report, prepared by a probation officer, that presents a convicted offender's background and is used by the judge in selecting an appropriate sentence is called a _____.

Q: _____ is a sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and resentenced to probation.

Q: Federal sentencing guidelines were adjusted in 2007 and 2008 to address a highly criticized source of racial disparities in prison sentences for offenders convicted of _____-related offenses.

Q: _______ cases are processed and offenders are sentenced in courts of general jurisdiction.

Q: Misdemeanor or lower courts hear about _______% of criminal cases.

Q: Since the 1970s, capital punishment has been used exclusively for _______ offenses.

Q: By a 7-to-2 vote in _____, the justices concluded that the attorneys for the death row inmates had not proven that the use of lethal injection violates the Eighth Amendment.

Q: In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that execution of developmentally disabled defendants was unconstitutional.

Q: ________ refers to laws that require offenders to serve a substantial proportion of their sentence before being released on parole.

Q: A(n) _____ sentence is a sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. Judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances.

Q: Many exonerations are not based on DNA evidence but rather on the discovery that police and prosecutors had ignored or hidden _____.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court decided in the case of _____ that the death penalty is unconstitutional for offenders under the age of 18.

Q: _____ indicate to judges the expected sanction for certain offenses.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court found that the death penalty was unconstitutional in _____.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court declared that the death penalty was not implemented in a racially discriminatory manner in the case of ______.

Q: The _____ process is a major factor in delaying executions.

Q: _____ is a sentence that can be served while the offender remains living at home, with few restrictions.

Q: If days are subtracted from a sentence for good behavior, this is called _____.

Q: A(n) _____ sentence is determined by statute and cannot be altered by a judge.

Q: A(n) _____ fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period of time.

Q: The goal of restoring a convicted offender to society through educational training is called ______.

Q: ______ is punishment designed to be an example for the public.

Q: ______ occurs when an offender does not commit a crime for fear of receiving the punishment.

Q: Theorist _______ argued that human behavior is governed by a cost-benefit analysis.

Q: AParole is possible with which type of sentence? a. An indeterminate sentence. b. A presumptive sentence. c. A mandatory sentence. d. A determinate sentence.

Q: The assumption that people consider the benefits of an action and weighs it against the cost would apply to which goal of punishment? a. incapacitation. b. deterrence. c. rehabilitation. d. retribution.

Q: Eric has just been sentenced to a short term to be served within the community. He knows his crime was a mistake and considers this experience to be the first and the last time he will be involved with the criminal justice system. He plans to do everything that he is required to do and make this time go by as easily as possible. The presiding judge received a ______ report from a probation officer and so had a sense that Eric would not pose a risk to the community. a. sentencing b. probation. c. presentence d. sentencing guideline

Q: Eric has just been sentenced to a short term to be served within the community. He knows his crime was a mistake and considers this experience to be the first and the last time he will be involved with the criminal justice system. He plans to do everything that he is required to do and make this time go by as easily as possible. Eric's sentence best exemplifies which goal of punishment? a. Retribution b. Deterrence c. Incapacitation d. Rehabilitation

Q: Eric has just been sentenced to a short term to be served within the community. He knows his crime was a mistake and considers this experience to be the first and the last time he will be involved with the criminal justice system. He plans to do everything that he is required to do and make this time go by as easily as possible. Eric's short sentence to be served within the community is most likely a. incarceration. b. boot camp. c. house arrest. d. probation.

Q: Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court transcripts and has determined that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information that was pertinent to the case. Jenna's client was given a 20-year sentence for murder. She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and through her positive behavior while incarcerated. If Jenna's client had been eligible for parole, then she was most likely sentenced under _________ sentencing. a. indeterminate b. determinate c. presumptive d. mandatory

Q: Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court transcripts and has determined that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information that was pertinent to the case. Jenna's client was given a 20-year sentence for murder. She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and through her positive behavior while incarcerated. A tornado devastated the local town andJenna's client went to assist in the recovery. As a result the client received a reduction in her sentence. This is referred to as a. good time. b. earned time. c. mandatory sentencing. d. sanctions.

Q: Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court transcripts and has determined that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information that was pertinent to the case. Jenna's client was given a 20-year sentence for murder. She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and through her positive behavior while incarcerated. Jenna was able to request and confirm a new test for her client in order to prove her innocence. She, most likely, is having her client's _______ tested. a. DNA b. testimony c. witness d. ANA

Q: Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court transcripts and has determined that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information that was pertinent to the case. Jenna's client was given a 20-year sentence for murder. She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and through her positive behavior while incarcerated. Jenna's client has earned a sentence reduction based upon her participation in various programs. This reduction is called a. good time. b. earned time. c. face time. d. rehabilitation.

Q: Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court transcripts and has determined that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information that was pertinent to the case. Jenna's client was given a 20-year sentence for murder. She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and through her positive behavior while incarcerated. Jenna's client was given an incarceration rate of 20 years. She was most likely sentenced under _________ sentencing. a. indeterminate b. determinate c. presumptive d. mandatory

Q: Alex was recently found guilty of first-degree murder. Based upon state law, the judge was forced to use a system/guideline to determine the sentence that he was to receive. Alex was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He will spend his time in a prison approximately 25 miles from his home. Alex was thankful for this sentence because it was a death penalty case otherwise. Alex will be incarcerated for a period of 25 years. Which goal of punishment does his sentence meet for Alex? a. Specific deterrence b. General deterrence c. Intermediate sanction d. Death

Q: Alex was recently found guilty of first-degree murder. Based upon state law, the judge was forced to use a system/guideline to determine the sentence that he was to receive. Alex was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He will spend his time in a prison approximately 25 miles from his home. Alex was thankful for this sentence because it was a death penalty case otherwise. Alex was charged with murder in the first degree, which is a felony. Which jurisdiction would have heard Alex's case? a. Specific b. General c. Local d. Federal

Q: Alex was recently found guilty of first-degree murder. Based upon state law, the judge was forced to use a system/guideline to determine the sentence that he was to receive. Alex was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He will spend his time in a prison approximately 25 miles from his home. Alex was thankful for this sentence because it was a death penalty case otherwise. The judge in Alex's case most likely had to use _____ to determine the sentence that must be rendered. a. sentencing guidelines b. discretion c. good time d. earned time