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Q:
What is the core goal of using mandatory life sentences so criminals cannot hurt other citizens?
a. Restitution
b. Incapacitation
c. Retribution
d. General deterrence
Q:
Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
In which way would Jacob's experience be different if his case is transferred to the adult system?
a. Jacob would have to be Mirandized only in the adult system.
b. Jacob's defense attorney would play a different role in the adult system.
c. Jacob would only have the right to a hearing in the adult system.
d. Jacob's court proceedings would be open to the public in the adult system.
Q:
Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
If Jacob is facing these charges in a state that automatically transfers all juveniles who are suspected of murder/manslaughter to adult court the state utilizes:
a. judicial waivers.
b. prosecutorial waivers.
c. legislative waivers.
d. state waivers.
Q:
Sentencing for the purpose of general deterrence has most to do with:
a. changing the offender's future behavior through fear.
b. modifying the social environment from which the offender came.
c. changing the perception of the general public.
d. determining the proportionality of the sentence.
Q:
Punishing an offender severely to serve as an example to others achieves the goal of:
a. general deterrence.
b. rehabilitation.
c. specific deterrence.
d. incapacitation.
Q:
Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
The judge in Donovan's case decides to place him in the temporary custody of a secure facility before the
adjudicatory process begins. This placement is referred to as:
a. intake.
b. pretrial diversion.
c. transfer to adult court.
d. detention.
Q:
Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
Which case entitles Donovan to the same due process rights granted to adult offenders, including notice of charges, the right to counsel, and the privilege against self-incrimination?
a. Kentv.UnitedStates
b. InreGault
c. InreWinship
d. Breedv.Jones
Q:
What event ended the transportation of felons to North America?
a. The American Revolution
b. The philosophical writings of the Enlightenment
c. Publication of The Fatal Shore
d. Passage of the Humanitarian Act in Parliament
Q:
Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
Donovan finally returned home around 3 a.m. The police happen to be there when Donovan returns. The officers ask Donovan where he was and who he was with. Donovan tells the police that he was hanging out with his friends outside the bowling alley. The police recognize some of the names that Donovan gives. When Donovan goes to his room, the police tell Donovan's parents that the kids Donovan is associating with are frequently getting into trouble and are known members of a gang. Donovan's parents ask the police why their son would want to be in a gang. Which of the following reasons would police most likely give to Donovan's parents?
a. Donovan is feeling alienated from his family.
b. Donovan wants to improve his status in the community.
c. Donovan feels he needs to be in a gang because he lives in a high-crime neighborhood.
d. All of these.
Q:
What was the final fate of convicts transported to North America or Australia once their period of service was completed in the colonies?a. They were executed.b. They were granted pardons to gain their freedom.c. They were returned to Europe to complete a term of imprisonment.d. They were never released from servitude.
Q:
Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
The next time police are at Donovan's home they are there to question him about a robbery that was committed. After speaking briefly with Donovan, they place him under arrest. What is the first stage of the pretrial juvenile justice process that Donovan will go through after he is referred to juvenile court?
a. intake
b. pretrial diversion
c. transfer to adult court
d. detention
Q:
Poor laws were developed in England at the end of the ____ century.
a. ninth
b. eleventh
c. fourteenth
d. sixteenth
Q:
What was the principle factor that shaped the punishment of criminals in the sixteenth century?
a. The spread of the black plague and the social hysteria that came with it.
b. The shift from a stable to a wandering nomadic way of life.
c. Sharp increases in the crime rate.
d. The changing labor markets that stemmed from urbanization and colonization.
Q:
What term was adopted in the twelfth century to refer to a breach of faith with one's feudal lord?
a. Lex talionis
b. Felonia
c. Wergild
d. Mala prohibitum
Q:
Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
In the city that Donovan lives, the curfew for all juveniles 17 and under is 11 p.m. The only juveniles that are excused from this curfew are those that are returning from work. Donovan does not have a job. Violating curfew is considered a(n):
a. crime.
b. delinquent act.
c. misdemeanor.
d. status offense.
Q:
What was the most common state-administered punishment in fifth century Roman civilization?
a. Mutilation
b. Burning at the stake
c. Banishment (exile)
d. Flogging
Q:
are similar in many aspects to adult prisons and jails, but differ from them in their efforts to treat and rehabilitate young offenders.
a. Family group homes
b. Group homes
c. Training schools
d. Rural programs
Q:
Correctional institutions that are the most restrictive for juveniles found to be delinquent or status offenders are called:
a. family group homes.
b. group homes.
c. rural programs.
d. training schools.
Q:
According to the Innocence Project, more than 325 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) exonerees have been released from death row after being convicted of crimes they did not commit.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Wilderness camps, farms, and ranches where between 30 and 50 children are placed in an environment that provides recreational activities and treatment programs are referred to as:a. family group homes.b. foster care programs.c. group homes.d. rural programs.
Q:
In which community-based rehabilitation program is a juvenile returned to the community, but placed under supervision with conditions specified through the juvenile justice system?
a. boot camp
b. probation
c. restitution
d. treatment program
Q:
Most industrialized countries in the world have abolished the death penalty.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which type of residential treatment program generally houses between 12 and 15 youths and provides treatment, counseling, and educational services by a professional staff?
a. family group homes
b. foster care programs
c. group homes
d. rural programs
Q:
Research reveals that it is the victim's race, rather than the offender's, that structures sentencing outcomes: minority defendants are sanctioned more severely if their victim is white than if their victim is a fellow minority group member.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What is the most common form of juvenile corrections?
a. boot camp
b. juvenile detention
c. probation
d. residential treatment centers
Q:
Summarize the trial process.
Q:
In , the juvenile lives with a couple who act as surrogate parents.
a. family group homes
b. foster care programs
c. group homes
d. rural programs
Q:
Through the use of examples, elaborate on what it means to have a public trial. What are the impacts of this approach on justice?
Q:
What is a similarity between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system?
a. the right to a jury trial
b. hearings must be open to the public
c. proof beyond a reasonable doubt is needed
d. dependents are required to testify
Q:
Explain the meaning of right to a speedy trial and how this right may be violated.
Q:
Discuss how current procedures of jury selection impact a fair trial. Can these methods be improved?
Q:
What is a difference between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system?
a. Juvenile proceedings must be public.
b. Information must be released to the press in the juvenile system.
c. There is no death penalty for juveniles.
d. The purpose of the juvenile court is punishment.
Q:
A(n) is prepared during the disposition process that provides the judge with relevant background material to aid in the disposition decision.
a. adjudication
b. petition
c. presentence investigation
d. predisposition report
Q:
Explain three legal issues in plea bargaining.
Q:
Discuss three issues that are present when bail is considered.
Q:
Define plea bargaining and discuss its effects on the operation of the criminal justice system. What impact does it have on the defendant?
Q:
Similar to the sentencing hearing for adults, a(n) hearing is when the juvenile judge decides the appropriate punishment for a youth found to be delinquent or a status offender.a. adjudicatoryb. discretionaryc. dispositiond. diversionary
Q:
Discuss the history of bail reform as well as criticisms of the current bail system.
Q:
A(n) hearing is the process through which a juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to support the initial petition.
a. adjudicatory
b. discretionary
c. disposition
d. diversionary
Q:
Compare and contrast the grand jury and preliminary hearing models.
Q:
The first stage of juvenile pretrial procedures is:
a. intake.
b. diversion.
c. waiver.
d. detention.
Q:
Which landmark case resulted in a ruling that youths can be detained if they are deemed a "risk" to the safety of the community or to their own welfare?
a. InreGault
b. InreWinship
c. Roperv.Simmons
d. Schallv.Martin
Q:
Describe how each of the five innovative bail systems works.
Q:
The ___________ is essential to a fair criminal trial because it restricts and controls the admissibility of hearsay evidence.
Q:
A(n) is a procedure in which juvenile court judges have the discretion to transfer a juvenile case to adult court when certain predetermined conditions regarding the seriousness of the offense and the age of the offender are met.
a. automatic transfer
b. judicial waiver
c. legislative waiver
d. prosecutorial waiver
Q:
_____________________ has become an essential, but controversial, part of the administration of justice.
Q:
The process in which the juvenile judge, based on the facts of the case at hand, decides that the alleged offender should be transferred to adult court is a(n):
a. automatic transfer.
b. judicial waiver.
c. legislative waiver.
d. prosecutorial waiver.
Q:
The leading national organization, the American Bar Association (ABA), is opposed to ___________________ in plea negotiations.
Q:
The is a document filed with a juvenile court alleging that the juvenile is a delinquent or a status offender and asking the court to either hear the case or transfer it to an adult court.
a. complaint
b. diversion document
c. intake sheet
d. petition
Q:
Which philosophy allows a police officer to detain a juvenile for his or her own protection, such as when the officer detects a dangerous situation involving family or peers?
a. child-saving
b. culpability protecting
c. inlocoparentis
d. parenspatriae
Q:
With pretrial diversion programs there was always a suspicion that they would _________________ of the justice system.
Q:
A juvenile's first contact with the juvenile justice system usually comes through a:
a. juvenile court judge.
b. juvenile probation officer.
c. juvenile residential specialist.
d. police officer.
Q:
_______ programs give the client an opportunity to avoid the stigma of a criminal record and continue to work to support one's family.
Q:
The determination of guilt or innocence is called_______________.
Q:
If a verdict cannot be reached, the trial may result in a ________.
Q:
The average gang member is years old. a. 17"18
b. 14"15
c. 19"20
d. 21"22
Q:
A youth gang is viewed as a group of or more persons who self-identify themselves as an entity separate from the community by special clothing, vocabulary, hand signals, and name, and engage in criminal activity.
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
Q:
What form of child abuse occurs when the child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love?
a. emotional abuse
b. child neglect
c. mental abuse
d. physical abuse
Q:
The infliction of physical or emotional damage on a child without any plausible explanation, such as an accident, is referred to as:
a. child abuse.
b. child endangerment.
c. child maltreatment.
d. child mistreatment.
Q:
Drug use has been shown to be a strong risk factor for which category of juveniles?
a. African Americans
b. females
c. males
d. Whites
Q:
By definition, is a term used to explain the fact that criminal activity declines with age.
a. age of conformity
b. age of delinquency
c. age of onset
d. aging out
Q:
To avoid stigma and labeling, ___________________ programs suspend criminal proceedings so that the accused can participate in treatment under court supervision.
Q:
A __________ is the dismissal of a prospective juror for unexplained, discretionary reasons.
Q:
The "chronic six percent" are responsible for of all crimes and two thirds of all violent crimes.
a. one quarter
b. one third
c. half
d. three quarters
Q:
Which crime is most often committed by juveniles?a. robberyb. weapons crimesc. property crimesd. assault
Q:
A particular problem area for girls appears to be the crime of:a. assault.b. burglary.c. murder.d. robbery.
Q:
Though overall rates of juvenile offending have been dropping, the one particular group of juveniles that has become more involved in the juvenile justice system than ever before is that of:a. girls.b. Hispanic males.c. Caucasian males.d. Asian males.
Q:
In ________________ (2010), the Court held that juveniles who commit crimes that do not involve murder may not be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
a. Kentv.UnitedStates
b. Grahamv.Florida
c. InreWinship
d. Roperv.Simmons
Q:
In , the U.S. Supreme Court forbade the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 when they committed their crimes.
a. NewJerseyv.T.L.O
b. Farev.MichaelC.
c. Roperv.Simmons
d. InreGault
Q:
The ruling in ____________ (1970)8 required the government to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt" that a juvenile had committed an act of delinquency, raising the burden of proof from a "preponderance of the evidence."
a. InreGault
b. Kentv.UnitedStates
c. InreWinship
d. Breedv.Jones
Q:
In In re Winship, the Supreme Court required the government to prove that a juvenile had committed an act of delinquency.
a. beyond a reasonable doubt
b. with clear and convincing evidence
c. by a preponderance of the evidence
d. by probable cause
Q:
In about half the states, a ____________________ is used as an alternative to the grand jury.
Q:
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy clause prevents a juvenile from being tried in adult court for a crime that has already been adjudicated in a juvenile court?
a. Breedv.Jones
b. InreGault
c. Kentv.UnitedStates
d. McKeiverv.Pennsylvania
Q:
Most defendants appearing before the courts plead ______ prior to the trial stage.
Q:
Which was the first court case to extend due process rights to children?
a. Breedv.Jones
b. InreGault
c. Kentv.UnitedStates
d. McKeiverv.Pennsylvania
Q:
____________________ is a plea where the defendant does not accept or deny responsibility for the crimes charged but agrees to accept punishment.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT considered a status offense?
a. running away from home
b. truancy
c. smoking cigarettes
d. drinking and driving
Q:
A ______ is the action by a grand jury when it votes not to indict an accused suspect.
Q:
A juvenile who has been found to have engaged in behavior deemed unacceptable for those under a certain statutorily determined age is referred to as a .
a. juvenile delinquent
b. status offender
c. troubled minor
d. wayward youth
Q:
The efforts of the child savers culminated with the passage of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act in . a. 1825
b. 1899
c. 1911
d. 1930