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Q:
is a form of child abuse in which the child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love.
Q:
A ____________________ describes the loss suffered by the victim of a crime.
Q:
The contemporary criminal justice system is society's instrument of formal social control.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A prisoner that is sentenced for two crimes and serves his sentences one after the other is serving ______ sentences.
Q:
Criminal justice is defined as the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Of the components in the Criminal Justice System, usually the correctional component comes before the other two components
a. True
b. False
Q:
Prison sentences served simultaneously and run together are ______ sentences.
Q:
The use of ____________________ factors such as offender age is a direct violation of the constitution.
Q:
Crime is higher today than it was in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Three-strikes laws are an example of a(n) ____________________ sentence.
Q:
The age at which a youth first exhibits delinquent behavior is .
Q:
____________ are a set of standards that define parameters for trial judges to follow in setting sentences.
Q:
____________________ relies on a fixed term of incarceration set in law by the legislature.
Q:
Overt acts taken by students with the goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating other students is known as
____________________________.
Q:
Many researchers believe that by the age of an adolescent has the same ability as an adult to make a competent decision.
Q:
A sentence of 3"20 years for the crime of burglary is an example of a(n) ____________________ sentence.
Q:
A crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal actions is _________.
Q:
In , the Supreme Court held that juveniles are entitled to many of the same due process rights granted to adult offenders, including notice of charges, the right to counsel, the privilege against self- incrimination, and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.
Q:
refers to conduct that would be criminal if committed by an adult.
Q:
The ____________________ goal of punishment means that an offender must pay back the victim for their loss.
Q:
____________________ were sixteenth century English laws that were used to put vagrants and abandoned children to work.
Q:
Jeff Johnson is the newest judge to take the bench in the fifth district of Virginia. He spent 25 years as a prosecutor before being elected to the court. He is known for his lenient views on drugs and his extreme conservative views on crimes of violence. Judge Johnson is about to sentence a drug offender who has been convicted for the third time.Judge Johnson believes that that an offender who is dead cannot commit any more crime. What is his rationale for supporting the death penalty?a. Harsh punishment is morally correct.b. The most serious punishment is for the most serious crime.c. It is justified to reduce the crime rate.d. Homicide rates increase when the death penalty isn"t used.
Q:
In the juvenile court, children are not "found guilty," they are instead .
Q:
The state of created the first court specifically for juveniles.
Q:
Jeff Johnson is the newest judge to take the bench in the fifth district of Virginia. He spent 25 years as a prosecutor before being elected to the court. He is known for his lenient views on drugs and his extreme conservative views on crimes of violence. Judge Johnson is about to sentence a drug offender who has been convicted for the third time.Rebecca is a 37-year old black woman standing in front of Judge Johnson in absolute disbelief that she has not received a life sentence for killing her husband while he slept. She was in an abusive marriage. Instead, she received a 5-year sentence. How can you best explain Judge Johnson's decision?a. Judge Johnson is also black and therefore has more sympathy.b. Older offenders get sentenced to lesser punishments than the young.c. Minorities are sentenced to more prison time than whites.d. Women are more likely to be treated leniently.
Q:
Jeff Johnson is the newest judge to take the bench in the fifth district of Virginia. He spent 25 years as a prosecutor before being elected to the court. He is known for his lenient views on drugs and his extreme conservative views on crimes of violence. Judge Johnson is about to sentence a drug offender who has been convicted for the third time.Sean is a methamphetamine addict, he shot and killed the owner of a video store during a robbery, and he assaulted one of the employees of that video store so badly she will never walk again. If Judge Johnson was going to sentence Sean to more than 5 years in prison, what should Judge Johnson consider above all other factors in sentencing him?a. Sean's violent tendenciesb. Sean's addiction to methc. Sean's motivation for robberyd. Sean's use of a weapon
Q:
A doctrine that holds that the state has a responsibility to look after the well-being of children and to assume the role of parent if necessary is __________________________.
Q:
Jeff Johnson is the newest judge to take the bench in the fifth district of Virginia. He spent 25 years as a prosecutor before being elected to the court. He is known for his lenient views on drugs and his extreme conservative views on crimes of violence. Judge Johnson is about to sentence a drug offender who has been convicted for the third time.Judge Johnson views drug abuse as a sickness and a public health issue, not a criminal issue. What type of sentencing for this defendant would the judge likely favor?a. Concurrent sentencingb. Indeterminate sentencingc. Determinate sentencingd. Structured sentencing
Q:
Training schools have many of the same problems as adult prisons and jails, including drug abuse and overcrowding.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Caroline has been arrested for shoplifting at Bloomingdales. This is not her first offense and at trial she is found guilty. The judge decides the appropriate punishment is to cut off Caroline's hand so she will not be able to shoplift again.If Caroline had been put to death for her crimes of shoplifting, what philosophy or goal would that punishment best align with?a. Wergildb. Specific deterrencec. General deterrenced. Just desert
Q:
Boot camps are a good example of residential treatment programs.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The primary concern during the disposition hearing is to determine a sentence that will serve the needs of the child, rather than one that will protect the community.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Caroline has been arrested for shoplifting at Bloomingdales. This is not her first offense and at trial she is found guilty. The judge decides the appropriate punishment is to cut off Caroline's hand so she will not be able to shoplift again.Amputation of a hand or other body part as punishment for a crime of shoplifting aligns best with which goal of punishment?a. The pain of punishment is greater than the reward.b. Punishment keeps people from repeating their crimes.c. An equitable solution to the crime.d. A punishment that is proportionate to their crime.
Q:
The most common form of juvenile corrections is probation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Caroline has been arrested for shoplifting at Bloomingdales. This is not her first offense and at trial she is found guilty. The judge decides the appropriate punishment is to cut off Caroline's hand so she will not be able to shoplift again.If Bloomingdales existed in every century, when would we find this sentence as a popular punishment?a. Eleventh centuryb. Twelfth centuryc. Thirteenth centuryd. Fourteenth century
Q:
Gregory was born in 1573, toward the end of the sixteenth century, to a poor family. They stole money and food to survive. As one of the criminal poor, if he was ever caught he would not be subjected to the same punishments as the rich. Throughout the generations, Gregory's kin (children and grandchildren) continue the tradition of stealing.
In the 1800s what type of punishment represented liberal reform?
a. Wergild
b. Indentured servants
c. Penitentiaries
d. Hard labor work camps
Q:
During the adjudicatory hearing, juvenile defendants have the right to present their cases to a jury.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Juveniles are most commonly transferred to adult courts through prosecutorial waiver.
a. True
b. False
Q:
During intake, an official of the juvenile court must decide, in effect, what to do with the offender.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Gregory was born in 1573, toward the end of the sixteenth century, to a poor family. They stole money and food to survive. As one of the criminal poor, if he was ever caught he would not be subjected to the same punishments as the rich. Throughout the generations, Gregory's kin (children and grandchildren) continue the tradition of stealing.
The year is 1725 and Gregory's grandson has just been convicted of robbery. Once his grandson serves his sentence, what will happen to him?
a. He will be free again.
b. He will be tortured to death.
c. He will be transported for hard labor.
d. He will be hung in the gallows.
Q:
Gregory was born in 1573, toward the end of the sixteenth century, to a poor family. They stole money and food to survive. As one of the criminal poor, if he was ever caught he would not be subjected to the same punishments as the rich. Throughout the generations, Gregory's kin (children and grandchildren) continue the tradition of stealing.
What was the most likely punishment during that time if Gregory was caught stealing?
a. Exile and banishment
b. Torture and corporal punishment
c. Capital punishment (death)
d. Hard labor
Q:
In cases where the offender is convicted of two or more charges, and the judge's sentences begin on the same day and are completed when the longest term is served it is called a _____________ sentence.
a. consecutive
b. determinate
c. concurrent
d. mandatory maximum
Q:
Police officers engage in low visibility decision making when working with juvenile offenders.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Current research shows that the majority of gang members today are white.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The earlier a youth enters the juvenile justice system, the more likely he or she will become a violent offender.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Roper v. Simmons (2005) the court:a. set a limit of 18 years as the age of defendants who could be sentenced to death.b. ruled that execution of the mentally retarded is prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.c. ruled that only those who commit felony murder may be executed.d. ruled that rapists may not be punished with death.
Q:
The average time it takes to carry out an execution is 12 years because of:
a. numerous appeals.
b. time between conviction and jury decision.
c. sentencing by the judge.
d. prison administration delays.
Q:
Which 1972 Supreme Court decision ruled that the death penalty at that time violated the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment?
a. McKlesky v. Kemp
b. Gregg v. Georgia
c. Stanford v. Kentucky
d. Furman v. Georgia
Q:
The older a person is the less likely he or she will be to exhibit criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The national population of juvenile inmates increased between 2008 and 2010.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is not an argument for the death penalty?
a. Use of discretion
b. Incapacitation
c. Deterrence
d. Proportional to the crime
Q:
Which of the following is true?
a. One hundred and thirty nine countries have abolished the death penalty in law or practice or for certain crimes.
b. There are 58 retentionist countries.
c. Today, about 40 percent of inmates on death row are African"American.
d. All of these statements are true.
Q:
Violent crime is commonplace in American schools.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Court banned laws in 28 states that made life-without-parole sentences mandatory for juveniles convicted of murder.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Approximately how many known executions have been carried out in the United States under civil authority since 1608?
a. 8,000
b. 10,000
c. 15,000
d. 20,000
Q:
Which of the following factors is not a legitimate consideration in setting the length of a prison term?
a. The severity of the offense
b. Whether the offender used a weapon
c. Whether the crime was committed for money
d. The offender's age
Q:
The decision in McKeiver v. Pennsylvaniarepresented the one instance in which the Court did not move the juvenile court further toward the adult model.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which statement is false?a. Research shows a strong correlation between legal variables and the type and length of sentence received.b. There is a clear and concise relationship between social class and sentencing.c. Judges may perceive women as better risks than men, thus creating gender bias in sentencing.d. Victim characteristics may influence sentencing.
Q:
The first decision to extend due process rights to children in juvenile courts was In re Gault.
a. True
b. False
Q:
To qualify for federal funds under truth-in-sentencing laws, states must require persons convicted of a violent felony crime to serve not less than ____ percent of the prison sentence.a. 25b. 45c. 65d. 85
Q:
Instead of trying to determine guilt or innocence, the parties involved in the juvenile court work together in the best interests of the child, with the emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the goals of sentencing guidelines?a. To prioritize and allocate correctional resourcesb. To reduce prison crowdingc. To increase judicial discretiond. To establish truth-in-sentencing
Q:
Skipping school is considered a status offense.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In juvenile court, the judge has wide discretion in disposing of each case.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In the case of Blakely v. Washington, the court found that Washington state's sentencing guidelines were in violation of the ____ Amendment.a. Fourthb. Fifthc. Sixthd. Eighth
Q:
Who has final say in the duration of the offender's prison stay in a determinate sentence?a. Prosecutorb. Parole boardc. Judged. Correctional authority
Q:
Juvenile records are kept sealed but court proceedings are open to the public.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The juvenile justice system uses the same terminology as found in the adult criminal justice system.
a. True
b. False
Q:
"Let the sentence fit the criminal" best describes the basic philosophy of:
a. determinate sentencing.
b. mandatory minimums.
c. fixed terms.
d. indeterminate sentencing.
Q:
Who determines the actual length of incarceration in an indeterminate sentence?a. Judgeb. Prosecutor and the defense attorneyc. State legislatured. Correctional agency and the judge
Q:
A fixed term of incarceration is called a(n):
a. indeterminate sentence.
b. determinate sentence.
c. mandatory minimum.
d. fixed term.
Q:
The efforts of the child savers culminated with the passage of the New York Juvenile Court Act in 1899.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The child savers believed that juvenile offenders required treatment, not punishment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Approximately _____ of the states have three-strikes laws but nearly ____ of them require the third felony be a serious one.
a. one-fourth; half
b. half; all
c. three-fourth; none
d. 90 percent; all
Q:
Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
The judge in the case decides to send Jacob to a secure facility because of the severity of the charges. After 8 months, Jacob is released early because of good behavior but as part of his sentence he will serve the remainder of his sentence in a wilderness camp where he will receive additional treatment. Which residential treatment program would this wilderness camp be part of?
a. foster care program
b. group home
c. family group home
d. rural programs
Q:
Which punishment philosophy holds that criminal sentences should be proportional to the seriousness of the criminal act?
a. Just desert
b. General deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Restitution
Q:
What is another term that retribution advocates use to describe the concept of blameworthiness?
a. Recidivism
b. Just deserts
c. Specific deterrence
d. Severity
Q:
Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
Jacob's attorneys make the argument that this is his first offense and the judge should consider the circumstances of the crime in deciding his punishment. They request that Jacob receive the most common form of juvenile corrections. What is the most common form of juvenile corrections?
a. boot camp
b. group home
c. probation
d. training School
Q:
Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
Jacob's case ends up remaining in the juvenile court system. The judge adjudicates Jacob delinquent for the offense of manslaughter. The next step is for the judge to decide the appropriate punishment for Jacob. This stage is known as the:
a. adjudicatory hearing.
b. disposition hearing.
c. predisposition hearing.
d. transfer hearing.
Q:
Which goal of sentencing attempts to convince the criminal through punishment that future crime would not be in their own best interests?
a. General deterrence
b. Retribution
c. Specific deterrence
d. Incapacitation