Q&A Hero

Q: The term____ became prominent around 1967 when the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice began a nationwide study of the nation's crime problem.

Q: Case 14-2 Julie joins an online dating website. She plans on meeting men but not for the purpose of dating them. She already has a boyfriend named James. Julie and James plan to use the online dating website to commit various crimes against the unsuspecting men who respond to Julie's online profile. Since James is out of work he is looking for any way to earn money. Besides using Julie to commit crimes against unsuspecting men for profit, James illegally copies online intellectual property such as films, music, and software. James' actions make him guilty of: a. cyberstalking. b. cyberbullying. c. phishing. d. piracy.

Q: An is the condition that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arresting officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed______

Q: The probation officer has little say in the planning of a probationer's treatment program. a. True b. False

Q: Case 14-2 Julie joins an online dating website. She plans on meeting men but not for the purpose of dating them. She already has a boyfriend named James. Julie and James plan to use the online dating website to commit various crimes against the unsuspecting men who respond to Julie's online profile. Julie's boyfriend James is a computer genius. He used to work as a programmer for a major computer software company but was terminated when he got into a fight with his supervisor. James is angry that he was terminated. He used his computer to break into the database of his old company to get all the information for all the clients. James's actions make him a(n): a. botnet. b. cyberstalker. c. hacker. d. pirate.

Q: Case 14-2 Julie joins an online dating website. She plans on meeting men but not for the purpose of dating them. She already has a boyfriend named James. Julie and James plan to use the online dating website to commit various crimes against the unsuspecting men who respond to Julie's online profile. After his first date with Julie, William expressed to Julie that he wants to continue seeing her. Julie told William to call her the next day. William called the next day and left a message for Julie. Julie did not return his phone call. William continued to call Julie several times a day and send her text messages and e-mails. As Julie continues to ignore his calls and messages William becomes angry and starts aggressively harassing her via e-mail and text message. William's behavior is considered to be: a. cyberstalking. b. cyberbullying. c. phishing. d. piracy.

Q: The first police agency was developed in 1829 in____ .

Q: A recognizance was a historic practice that enabled convicted offenders to go unpunished if they agreed to refrain from further criminal behavior; sometimes a surety was required.a. Trueb. False

Q: The historic version of probation was termed a judicial reprieve. a. True b. False

Q: Case 14-2 Julie joins an online dating website. She plans on meeting men but not for the purpose of dating them. She already has a boyfriend named James. Julie and James plan to use the online dating website to commit various crimes against the unsuspecting men who respond to Julie's online profile. Julie eventually meets a man named William for dinner. After they have dinner, William leaves his credit card and driver's license on the table to pay for the meal. William excuses himself to go to the restroom. While William is gone Julie writes down his full name, driver's license number, and date of birth. She also writes down the number of the credit card and the expiration date. When Julie gets home she and her boyfriend James use William's information to open up a credit card in his name. This crime is a(n): a. cyberfraud. b. online retail fraud. c. identity theft. d. white-collar crime.

Q: Case 14-2 Julie joins an online dating website. She plans on meeting men but not for the purpose of dating them. She already has a boyfriend named James. Julie and James plan to use the online dating website to commit various crimes against the unsuspecting men who respond to Julie's online profile. Julie begins corresponding with Bart. Bart becomes very interested in Julie quickly. He wants to meet her for dinner one evening. Julie tells Bart that she does not feel comfortable with Bart driving to her home. She tells him that she will meet him at the restaurant next Saturday. A few days later Julie sends Bart an e-mail and informs him that her car broke down and she does not have the money to repair it. Bart is eager to meet Julie for their planned dinner so he agrees to send Julie the money to fix her car. The misrepresentation that Julie made about her car to deceive Bart is called a(n): m. cyberfraud. n. online retail fraud. o. identity theft. p. white-collar crime.

Q: Judges are generally granted discretion to tailor the restrictions of a probation sentence to fit what they deem to be the needs of the individual offender. a. True b. False

Q: What is the concept called that describes Henry's involvement with the defense attorney, judge, and other court room personnel that helps to streamline the process of justice through extensive use of deal making and plea bargaining?a. safe streets control group b. court room work groupc. the center work groupd. cooperative work group

Q: Probation rests on the belief that most convicted criminals are neither dangerous nor a menace to society and can be reformed if given the opportunity. a. True b. False

Q: Henry Huggins is a states attorney who wants to be mayor of Baltimore. He knows that mayors before him have run and won on the "tough on crime" platform. Henry also believes in being tough but fair and knows that he has the winning record both in the courtroom and in politics. He feels that every person deserves a full array of constitutional rights and preserving democratic ideals is paramount over the need to punish the guilty.If Henry believes in democratic ideals and careful scrutiny of decisions made in the justice system, what perspective on justice does Henry take?a. Non-Interventionist b. Crime Controlc. Due Process d. Equal Justice

Q: Case 14-1 Bobby was born and raised in the United States. At the age of 16 he converted from Christianity to become a Muslim. At first his parents were not concerned as they wanted him to practice the religion of his choice. After Bobby returned home from a trip to the Middle East, his parents became very concerned about his extreme religious beliefs. Bobby's parents went through his belongings, including his computer, when he was meeting with his religious advisors one evening. They became alarmed because they found bomb-making training manuals and communications with people in the Middle East who appeared to be terrorists. Bobby ends up traveling overseas with another gentleman, Thomas, from his prayer group. They end up meeting with a terrorist group who want Bobby and Thomas to bomb the stadium during the Super Bowl. The leaders of the terrorist organization delineate the entire plan and tell Bobby and Thomas that $10,000 will be transferred into each of their bank accounts. Unknown to Bobby, Thomas is an undercover agent with the FBI who is there to gain information on Bobby and the terrorist organization. This undercover agent is utilizing what type of intelligence strategy? i. electronic surveillance j. human-source collection k. counterintelligence l. intelligence sharing

Q: When Patricia had her charges reduced in exchange for the return of stolen goods, what agency of crime control did she most likely deal with?a. policeb. prosecution and defense c. courtsd. corrections

Q: Case 14-1 Bobby was born and raised in the United States. At the age of 16 he converted from Christianity to become a Muslim. At first his parents were not concerned as they wanted him to practice the religion of his choice. After Bobby returned home from a trip to the Middle East, his parents became very concerned about his extreme religious beliefs. Bobby's parents went through his belongings, including his computer, when he was meeting with his religious advisors one evening. They became alarmed because they found bomb-making training manuals and communications with people in the Middle East who appeared to be terrorists. Bobby decides to take a return trip to the Middle East. His parents are very opposed. They express their concern to Bobby but he is intent to make the trip despite their objections. They are concerned that Bobby may decide to commit a terrorist act at the airport. What agency should Bobby's parents contact in order to ensure that he does not cause harm while on the plane? e. FEMA f. TSA g. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services h. U.S. Coast Guard

Q: Patricia, a famous child actor has been arrested yet again. She has had many brushes with the law but has yet to be sentenced to prison .This time, the arrest was for was stealing but in the end, the charges are reduced after the star agrees to return the stolen goods. She has a team of attorney's on retainer and is always in the spotlight.With Patricia's retained counsel, the judge was convinced that she had learned her lesson and the challenging spotlight led her to her most current crime.This type of scenario is most likely to happen in what layer of the criminal justice wedding cake?a. level 1 b. level 2 c. level 3 d. level 4

Q: Probation typically involves the suspension of an offender's sentence for promise of good behavior in the community. a. True b. False

Q: At arraignment, Jackson accepts a plea deal that will shorten his sentence in return for naming one of his sources that provides the marijuana he sells. About how many cases every year end in plea bargains instead of a criminal trial?a. 60% b. 70% c. 80% d. 90%

Q: Research supports an association between social class and sentencing, with members of the lower class likely to get a longer sentence than those more affluent. a. True b. False

Q: Case 14-1 Bobby was born and raised in the United States. At the age of 16 he converted from Christianity to become a Muslim. At first his parents were not concerned as they wanted him to practice the religion of his choice. After Bobby returned home from a trip to the Middle East, his parents became very concerned about his extreme religious beliefs. Bobby's parents went through his belongings, including his computer, when he was meeting with his religious advisors one evening. They became alarmed because they found bomb-making training manuals and communications with people in the Middle East who appeared to be terrorists. What law gives law enforcement officers the power to arrest and prosecute Bobby if it is determined that he has provided support to a foreign terrorist organization? a. Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act b. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act c. Homeland Security Act d. Patriot Act

Q: Upon searching Jackson's home, the officer found an additional 3 ounces of marijuana packaged for resale. The prosecutor has decided to charge Jackson with possession with intent to distribute. What is the next stage of the criminal justice process after charging?a. custodyb. preliminary hearing c. arraignmentd. plea bargaining

Q: In a concurrent sentence, a prisoner is serving a sentence for two or more criminal acts one after another.a. Trueb. False

Q: Case 14-1 Bobby was born and raised in the United States. At the age of 16 he converted from Christianity to become a Muslim. At first his parents were not concerned as they wanted him to practice the religion of his choice. After Bobby returned home from a trip to the Middle East, his parents became very concerned about his extreme religious beliefs. Bobby's parents went through his belongings, including his computer, when he was meeting with his religious advisors one evening. They became alarmed because they found bomb-making training manuals and communications with people in the Middle East who appeared to be terrorists. What law allows the government to monitor and possibly apprehend Bobby if he is determined to be a suspected terrorist? a. Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act b. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act c. Homeland Security Act d. Patriot Act

Q: Which of the following occurs in a military tribunal? a. panel of military officers acts in place of the judge and jury and decides questions of "both fact and law" b. all members of the panel or jury must agree to convict the individual c. the defendant has a right to a trial by a jury d. the traditional rules of evidence apply

Q: Jackson has been arrested for possession of drugs. When he was taken into custody, the officer had just witnessed Jackson taking money from someone and handing them a small bag that looked as if it were drugs. After obtaining that probable cause, the officer searched Jackson's backpack where he found approximately 4 ounces of marijuana packaged in smaller bags for resale.After arrest, Jackson will be in what stage of the criminal justice process while the officer searches his home for more evidence?a. initial contact b. bookingc. custody d. holding

Q: Truth in sentencing is designed to fight a rising crime rate by requiring offenders to serve a greater portion of their sentence. a. True b. False

Q: Three-strikes laws are a widely known form of determinate sentencing, providing lengthy prison terms for any person convicted of three serious offenses. a. True b. False

Q: In a military tribunal, there is no right to trial by jury, as guaranteed by the Amendment. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Sixth d. Eighth

Q: Jessica was asked to participate in a rehabilitation program that is designed to provide a more successful readjustment to society without theft and robbery. Her participation in this program will occur during what stage of the criminal justice process?a. sentencing/disposition b. pre-releasec. correctional treatment d. post release

Q: Indeterminate sentences use sentencing guidelines. a. True b. False

Q: Placing undercover agents in a position to gain information from hostile foreign intelligence services is a form of: a. electronic surveillance. b. human-source collection. c. open-source collection. d. counterintelligence.

Q: Specific deterrence is the theory that crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of criminal punishment. a. True b. False

Q: With Jessica's new charge of home invasion and robbery, she will likely be sentenced to prison time. What component of the system will she serve her sentence in?a. correctionsb. institutional supervision c. courtsd. police

Q: The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act was passed in response to: a. September 11, 2001. b. the Oklahoma City Bombing. c. Pearl Harbor. d. the anthrax mailings.

Q: :The primary purpose of the AEDPA is to fight terrorism by: a. easing the Fourth Amendment requirements of search and seizure to allow federal law enforcement agents quicker access to terror suspects. b. creating harsher penalties for those convicted of terrorist acts. c. cutting off the financial support funneled to terrorist organizations. d. establishing the Department of Homeland Security.

Q: Which piece of legislation gives federal law enforcement officers the power to arrest and prosecute any individual who provides "material support or resources" to a "terrorist organization"? a. Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) b. Criminal Justice Model c. The Liberty Seven d. USA Patriot Act

Q: The development of common law in the eleventh century brought some standardization to penal practices. a. True b. False

Q: Jessica has been in trouble with the law for as long as she can remember. Her first crime was shoplifting a candy bar from the drugstore. Since then she has moved on to more substantial shoplifting and stealing. She is currently on probation and is paying restitution to a victim for a previous theft. Now Jessica just been arrested for home invasion and robbery.As Jessica recalls her past history of stealing and theft, she realizes that her parents weren"t around very much and she doesn't remember regularly attending school. Parents and school represent what aspect when discussing criminal behavior?a. formal social controlb. informal social controlc. legal and immoral control d. illegal and moral control

Q: The brutalization effect is a hypothesis that states that the longer an offender is incarcerated, the more likely they are to become violent. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following statements is false?a. Ethical issues transcend all elements of the criminal justice system.b. It is often difficult to determine what is fair and just and balance this concern with the needs of the public.c. Ethical issues stop with the arrest of a suspect.d. Ethical behavior is important in law enforcement because officers have the authority to deprive individuals of their liberty.

Q: The future of structured sentencing guidelines is unclear because they may violate a defendant's Sixth Amendment rights. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the struggles or exertions (jihad) required of the Muslim faith? a. the struggle against modernization b. the struggle against evil in oneself c. the struggle against nonbelievers d. the struggle against evil outside of oneself

Q: Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda group has its origins in: a. Iraq. b. Saudi Arabia. c. Afghanistan. d. Pakistan.

Q: Ethical issues transcend all elements of the justice system. Why are ethical standards so important in criminal justice?a. Without ethical decision making, it is possible that individual civil rights and liberties will suffer.b. Agents of the criminal justice system have access to citizens' most personal information, raising concerns of privacy and confidentiality.c. Justice system personnel may work in an environment where moral ambiguity is widespread.d. Ethical standards are important in the justice system for all these reasons.

Q: Advocates of this justice perspective point out that the justice system remains an adversarial process that pits the forces of the state against those of a solitary individual accused of a crime.a. Crime control b. Due processc. Nonintervention d. Rehabilitation

Q: "Just Desert" means that the offender should pay back the victim or their family for the pain that they have caused.a. Trueb. False

Q: In early Greece and Rome, interpersonal violence was viewed as a private matter. a. True b. False

Q: According to Non-Interventionists, the efforts to treat offenders may lead to further stigmata beyond the scope of the original offense is called?a. Deinstitutionalization b. Nolo Presequic. Victimless crime d. Widening the Net of Justice

Q: Terrorists have evolved into , free of control by or allegiance to any nation, and use violence to further political goals. a. nonstate actors b. enemy combatants c. unlawful combatants d. al Qaeda

Q: The Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." a. Second b. Fourth c. Fifth d. Sixth

Q: If you believe that procedural fairness, civil rights, and the rule of law are inviolate principles, which justice perspective do you favor?a. Crime control b. Due processc. Equal justice d. Rehabilitation

Q: A defendant's Sixth Amendment right is diminished if juries are not instrumental in determining the outcome of a capital case. a. True b. False

Q: Whether the crime was committed for monetary gain is one of the factors that affect sentencing. a. True b. False

Q: Which justice perspective advocates mediation rather than coercive punishment?a. Rehabilitation b. Noninterventionc. Equal justice d. Restorative justice

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the designations of being "mentally defective"? a. is a danger of herself or himself to others b. lacks the mental capacity to manage his or her own affairs c. has been found insane or incompetent to stand trial by a criminal or military court d. has a history of hurting animals

Q: A number of states in the United States have placed a moratorium on executions until the issue of potential for error is adequately addressed. a. True b. False

Q: The theft of personal information is known as: a. cyber theft. b. cyberstalking. c. cyber fraud. d. identity theft.

Q: Proponents of this justice perspective are concerned about the effect of the stigma that criminal suspects bear when they are given negative labels such as "rapist" or "child molester." They believe that justice agencies should limit their involvement with criminal defendants.a. Rehabilitation b. Noninterventionc. Equal justice d. Restorative justice

Q: A software program that is capable of reproducing itself as it spreads from one computer to the next is a(n): a. virus. b. botnet. c. worm. d. spam.

Q: Adherents of this justice perspective believe that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of committing a crime.a. Crime control b. Rehabilitationc. Due process d. Equal justice

Q: Death penalty researchers do not all agree that the threat of capital punishment serves as an effective general deterrent to murder. a. True b. False

Q: What is the preferred method of phishing? a. hacking b. spam c. worms d. viruses

Q: The death penalty is used in all states and by the federal government. a. True b. False

Q: According to this justice perspective, the justice system serves as a mechanism of caring for and treating people who cannot manage themselves. It assumes people are at the mercy of social, economic, and interpersonal conditions.a. Crime control b. Rehabilitationc. Due process d. Equal justice

Q: A sentencing target of 8"25 years in prison is an example of a determinate sentence. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is an example of intellectual property? a. books b. films c. music d. all of these

Q: Which of the following statements is false? a. Crime control advocates call for harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime. b. Crime control advocates do not want legal technicalities to help the guilty go free and tie the hands of justice. c. Crime control advocates argue the more efficient the system, the greater its effectiveness. d. Crime control advocates do not question the criminal justice system's ability to rehabilitate offenders.

Q: According to this justice perspective, the proper role of the justice system is to prevent crime through the judicious use of criminal sanctions. It demands an efficient system that hands out tough sanctions to those who violate the law.a. Crime control b. Rehabilitationc. Due process d. Equal justice

Q: When a consumer orders an item online and it is never delivered, this is an example of: a. white-collar crime. b. cyber theft. c. online retail fraud. d. online auction fraud.

Q: Reducing recidivism is a primary goal of a specific deterrence model. a. True b. False

Q: When the perpetrator uses the Internet or some form of electronic communication to harass and stalk the victim, this is known as: a. phishing. b. intellectual property theft. c. cyberbullying. d. cyberstalking.

Q: The chivalry hypothesis states that women benefit from sentence disparity because the system is dominated by men who have a protective attitude toward women. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following crimes would be placed in the top layer (layer 1) of the criminal justice "wedding cake"? a. A noted celebrity is arrested for shooting her bodyguard. b. A burglary occurs at a local tavern. c. An individual is arrested for public drunkenness. d. A first time offender assaults a friend.

Q: Any criminal activity occurring via a computer in the virtual community of the Internet is a: a. cybercrime. b. white-collar crime. c. property crime. d. computer crime.

Q: The determinate sentence is still the most widely used type of sentence in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: The beginning of the Enlightenment Era marked the end of transporting criminals to the United States. a. True b. False

Q: For every 1000 crimes, approximately people are sent to prison.a. 20 b. 40c. 60 d. 80