Q&A Hero

Q: Research suggests that a distinct relationship exists between crime rates and urbanization.a. Trueb. False

Q: The ____ is conducted primarily to gain information for judicial sentences. a. intake b. presentence investigation c. diagnosis d. adjudication

Q: Underdeveloped nations have murder rates significantly lower than the United States. a. True b. False

Q: ____ refers to the process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceedings. a. Intake b. Presentence investigation c. Diagnosis d. Adjudication

Q: A is a network of computers that have been appropriated without the knowledge of their owners and used to spread harmful programs via the Internet.

Q: Which of the following is false with regard to probation? a. The sentencing judge has broad discretion to set specific probation conditions on a case-by-case basis. b. Probation services are organized uniformly across all states. c. A probation officer's working style is influenced by both personal values and the department's policies. d. Probation officers are involved in risk classification of probationers so they may receive appropriate treatment and control.

Q: The computer is the of a crime, such as when the computer itself or its software is stolen.

Q: Crime rates appear to be increasing around the world as they decline in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: As the number of guns in the population increases, so does the violent crime rate.a. Trueb. False

Q: In which phase of probation does motivational interviewing occur? a. Presentence investigation b. Intake c. Diagnosis d. Treatment

Q: Sending an unsolicited e-mail that falsely claims to be from a legitimate organization in an attempt to acquire sensitive information such as a password is known as .

Q: is fraud committed over the Internet.

Q: What entity initially sets down the conditions or rules of behavior that must be followed by the probationer? a. The court b. The correctional authority c. The victim's assistance office d. A private, third-party contractor

Q: It is estimated that there are more than 850,000 gang members in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: Why are ethics important in criminal justice? Choose a component of the justice system and discuss ethical issues of importance.

Q: is the criminal action of being involved in an organized effort to engage in illegal business transactions.

Q: For misdemeanors, probation usually extends for the entire period of a would-be jail sentence, whereas felonies are more likely to warrant probationary periods that are ________________ the suspended prison sentence. a. slightly longer than b. actually shorter than c. much longer than d. ineligible for

Q: What modern concept is attributed to the nineteenth century volunteer work of John Augustus? a. Prison b. Parole c. Sureties d. Probation

Q: Discuss the role of ethics in the monitoring of sexual offenders from the perspective of two different personnel in the criminal justice system (police officer, corrections officer, defense attorney, prosecutor, etc.).

Q: The goal of is not prevention or punishment as much as compliance, or the following of regulatory guidelines.

Q: Compare and contrast the rehabilitation perspective of criminal justice to the restorative justice perspective of criminal justice. How do these two perspectives differ and why?

Q: Physical harm to individuals or the environment that occurs as the result of corporate policies or decision making is _______________________________.

Q: Probation sentences involve: a. a contract between the prison and the offender wherein the offender is released early. b. rules or conditions mandated by the prison. c. a deserving suspect. d. a deserving defendant.

Q: What common-law practice allowed judges to suspend punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior? a. Judicial reprieve b. Recognizance c. Probation d. The wergild

Q: is a technique used by a white-collar criminal where a dishonest stockbroker steals funds from a client rather than investing those funds in the stock market as promised.

Q: Compare the crime control perspective of criminal justice to the due process perspective of criminal justice. How do these two perspectives differ and why? Elaborate how the use of one of the alternate perspectives on justice might change society's view on crime and criminals.

Q: The Sixth Amendment guarantees only U.S. Citizens the right to due process. a.True bFalse

Q: According to restorative justice, the first priority of justice processes is to assist victims. a. True b. False

Q: The "wedding cake" model is an alternative to the traditional criminal justice flowchart. Using specific examples, elaborate the wedding cake model. Address how society and the justice system respond to crimes committed at each level.

Q: Restorative justice programs have been implemented in police departments when the police first encounter a crime. a. True b. False

Q: Discuss how the criminal justice assembly line results in the concept of a "criminal justice funnel." What are the potential consequences of this model on society?

Q: The Patriot Act gives intelligence agents more leeway when conducting surveillance. a.True b.False

Q: Explain how the formal criminal justice system differs from the informal criminal justice system. What factors in the formal system of criminal justice impact and influence the informal criminal justice system?

Q: The goal for many law enforcement agencies is not to solve crimes after they have occurred, but to prevent them from happening. a.True bFalse

Q: The biggest problem with intensive supervision probation is high failure rates. a. True b. False

Q: Electronic monitoring systems have the ability to limit offender's movements to appropriate areas. a. True b. False

Q: Counterintelligence involves placing undercover agents in a position to gain information from hostile foreign intelligence services. a.True b.False

Q: Describe the main components of the contemporary criminal justice system. Include a discussion of the size of the system.

Q: The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) was passed in response to the 1995 truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. a.True b.False

Q: Explain why Herbert Packer describes the criminal justice process as an assembly line process.

Q: Split sentencing involves turning part of the justice process into a healing process rather than just a distributor of revenge and punishment. a. True b. False

Q: Illustrate, through the use of examples, that crime is not a recent phenomenon.

Q: Some jurisdictions have instituted restorative justice programs called "sentencing circles" as a form of diversion from the court process. a. True b. False

Q: The modern era of criminal justice can be traced to a series of ______begun in the 1950's under the American Bar Association.

Q: Terrorists have developed more efficient organizations based on the small-business model. a.True b.False

Q: Intensive probation supervision (IPS) has been proven effective at reducing reoffending rates. a. True b. False

Q: Jihadmeans holy war. a.True b.False

Q: Terrorists have evolved into nonstate actors, free of control by or allegiance to any nation. a.True b.False

Q: ____is a money bond levied to ensure the return of the defendant for the criminal trial.

Q: Restitution ranks lower than probation on the punishment ladder. a. True b. False

Q: According to the criminal justice assembly line view each stage is actually a______through which the cases flow.

Q: Programs such as house arrest and restitution are examples of community parole. a. True b. False

Q: Upward of 80% of felony cases and 90% of misdemeanor cases are settled ____.

Q: Because of federal inaction, it has been left to the individual states to pass stricter gun control measures, if their elected officials choose to do so. a.True b.False

Q: About one third of American households possess at least one firearm. a.True b.False

Q: Intermediate sanctions can be scaled in severity to correspond to the seriousness of the crime. a. True b. False

Q: Advocates of the_____view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as encouraging crime instead of discouraging it.

Q: National data indicate that 60 percent of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentence. a. True b. False

Q: A probationer's home may be searched without a warrant by a probation officer if the officer suspects criminal activity. a. True b. False

Q: Spam is a computer program that can automatically replicate itself over a network and interfere with the normal use of a computer. a.True b.False

Q: The _____perspective has influenced the development of sentencing policies that emphasize mandatory punishments.

Q: The computer is the instrument of a crime such as when the computer itself is stolen. a.True b.False

Q: The goal of the ______perspective is to enable the offender to appreciate the damage caused, to make amends, and to be reintegrated back into society.

Q: In Minnesota v. Murphy, the court ruled that the probation officer"client relationship is confidential. a. True b. False

Q: Identity theft existed prior to the Internet. c. True d. False

Q: Motivational interviewing is used by probation staff as part of the treatment phase to increase probationers' awareness of their potential problems. a. True b. False

Q: Decriminalization, deinstitutionalization, and pretrial diversion are favored by those adhering to the_____perspective.

Q: The sentencing judge has very limited discretion in setting probation conditions. a. True b. False

Q: Millions of misdemeanors, such as disorderly conduct, shoplifting, public drunkenness, and minor assault,comprise______ of the criminal justice "wedding cake." Lower courts handle these cases in an assembly-line fashion.

Q: Most cybercrimes are new crimes. a.True b.False

Q: An individual who has committed a serious offense, or who has a prior felony conviction, is never awarded probation. a. True b. False

Q: The_____ is comprised of the prosecutor, defense attorney, judge, and other court personnel who function to streamline the process of justice.

Q: Phishing scams have spread to text messaging and social-networking sites. a. True b. False

Q: Federal officials prosecute white-collar crime using the investigatory powers of several different federal law enforcement agencies. a. True b. False

Q: _____is the term used to describe the process through which large numbers of cases are systematically filtered out of the formal criminal justice process.

Q: A suspended sentence is a prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment; if the treatment is successful, the prison sentence is terminated.a. Trueb. False

Q: White-collar crime is an official category of criminal behavior measured by the federal government in the Uniform Crime Report. a. True b. False

Q: When prosecutors decide to take no further action after conducting a preliminary investigation of the legal matters of a case it is referred to as a(n)______ .

Q: More than half of all cases involve a direct sentence to probation for a fixed period of time. a. True b. False

Q: If the rules or conditions of probation are violated, or if the probationer commits another crime, revocation is automatic. a. True b. False