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Q:
Cesare Beccaria advocated:a. Social process theory b. Routine activities theoryc. Social structure theory d. Choice theory
Q:
Grant was arrested for unlawful possession of a firearm, a misdemeanor in New York State. He is involved in a custody battle with his ex-wife and he brought the gun with him to scare her into letting him see his daughter more often. They got into a shouting match and he pulled the gun out. Grant was arrested and he pled guilty to disorderly conduct, a handgun violation, and was given probation.You are Grant's probation officer and you stop by the police station to visit an officer on gun amnesty and buy back day. You see Grant turning in a handgun and although he is indeed turning it in, it is a violation of Grant's conditions of probation to be in possession of a firearm. What is your best course of action?a. Change Grant's probation to a suspended sentenceb. Make Grant forfeit the money he receives from the gun amnesty programc. Revoke Grant's probation on the spot and have your friend arrest himd. Notify Grant that his probation may be revoked and his conditions may be changed
Q:
When a man is the victim of a violent crime, the perpetrator is usually described as a(n):a. Stranger b. Acquaintancec. Relative d. wife/girlfriend
Q:
Grant was arrested for unlawful possession of a firearm, a misdemeanor in New York State. He is involved in a custody battle with his ex-wife and he brought the gun with him to scare her into letting him see his daughter more often. They got into a shouting match and he pulled the gun out. Grant was arrested and he pled guilty to disorderly conduct, a handgun violation, and was given probation.Even though Grant and his ex-wife don"t see eye to eye, the likelihood that Grant will successfully complete his term of probation is high because:a. he wants to see his daughter.b. he does not have a past criminal history.c. the judge will put him in jail if he doesn"t comply.d. he is getting counseling for his anger issues.
Q:
Grant was arrested for unlawful possession of a firearm, a misdemeanor in New York State. He is involved in a custody battle with his ex-wife and he brought the gun with him to scare her into letting him see his daughter more often. They got into a shouting match and he pulled the gun out. Grant was arrested and he pled guilty to disorderly conduct, a handgun violation, and was given probation.What is the basis of historical probation that allowed Grant to serve a punishment in the community by following conditions of supervision?a. Judicial reprieveb. Suretyc. Suspended sentencingd. Dispositions
Q:
Which of the following groups experience violent crimes at a higher rate than other groups?a. Whites b. African Americansc. Asians d. Latinos
Q:
For serious violent crimes, the male-female arrest ratio is males to 1 female.a. 5 b. 3c. 2 d. 4
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding restorative justice programs?
a. Crime is an offense against human relationships.
b. Victims and the community are central to justice processes.
c. The offender will develop improved competency and understanding as a result of the restorative justice experience.
d. Stakeholders have no place in the restorative process.
Q:
Which regions of the country usually have significantly higher rates of crime?a. The Midwest and New England b. The West and the Southc. The Midwest and the South d. New England and the West
Q:
According to the basic principles of restorative justice, the second priority of the justice process is to:
a. restore the community to the best degree possible.
b. assist the victims.
c. shame the offender.
d. treat all offenders equally.
Q:
John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy of:
a. restitution.
b. reiterative shaming.
c. intensive supervision.
d. RCC.
Q:
The greater the proportion of in the population, the higher the crime rate and the greater the number of persistent offenders.a. middle-aged women b. Young womenc. middle-aged men d. Young men
Q:
In 2010, what percent of 12thgraders reported using drugs in the past year?a. 50 b. 75c. 38 d. 90
Q:
According to the basic principles of restorative justice, the first priority of the justice process is to:
a. restore the community to the best degree possible.
b. assist the victims.
c. shame the offender.
d. treat all offenders equally.
Q:
Most reported crimes occur during which season?a. Winter b. Summerc. Spring d. Fall
Q:
The most secure intermediate sanction is a sentence to:
a. a DRC.
b. house arrest.
c. electronic monitoring.
d. a RCC facility.
Q:
Which of the following is the primary goal of IPS?
a. Demarcation
b. Rehabilitation
c. Retribution
d. Incapacitation
Q:
Which intermediate sanction makes a jail term a condition of probation?
a. Shock probation
b. Intensive probation supervision
c. Split sentencing
d. RCC
Q:
Which of the following statements about the validity of self-report data is false?
a. Serious chronic offenders usually cooperate.
b. Some surveys contain an overabundance of trivial offenses.
c. Institutionalized youth are not generally represented.
d. The "known group" can be used to assess validity.
Q:
What type of study is the best measure of unreported crimes?a. Victimization surveys b. Prison datac. Self-report studies d. Official records
Q:
Which type of data prefers the use of interviews and questionnaires for high school students?a. Observational b. Victimizationc. Self-report d. Official
Q:
Resentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay is termed:
a. shock probation.
b. intensive probation supervision.
c. split sentencing.
d. RCC.
Q:
The National Crime Victimization Survey asks participants to report on the frequency and characteristics of all but which one of the following crimes?a. Assault b. Murderc. Rape d. Robbery
Q:
Community service is an example of:
a. forfeiture.
b. shock incarceration.
c. restitution.
d. intensive probation supervision.
Q:
Which of the following is not a problem associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
a. Individuals may misrepresent the time line of events
b. Over-reporting because of victim's misrepresentations of events.
c. Incomplete acts are lumped together with completed ones.
d. Underreporting stemming from the embarrassment of reporting crime.
Q:
What is the term associated with the strict interpretation of forfeiture statutes that produces property confiscations for even minor drug violations?
a. Zero tolerance
b. RICO raiding
c. Shock forfeiture
d. Asset grabbing
Q:
Which of the following is a federal forfeiture program?
a. Day Reporting Centers (DRC) programs
b. The Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act
c. The Organized Crime and Antidrug Act
d. RCC centers
Q:
What data source relies on a multi-stage sample of housing units to collect information about citizen's encounters with criminals?
a. Monitoring the Future Survey
b. National Crime Victimization Survey
c. National Incident-Based Reporting System
d. Uniform Crime Reports
Q:
What did the court rule in Tate v. Short?
a. Incarcerating a person who is financially unable to pay a fine discriminates against the poor.
b. All criminal defendants, regardless of financial situation, may be fined and incarcerated if unable to pay the fine.
c. Offenders must be offered a community service alternative to fine payment.
d. Most fines were imposed in an arbitrary and discriminatory manner that violates constitutional rights.
Q:
The National Crime Victimization survey is prepared by what agency?a. Federal Bureau of Investigation b. Central Intelligence Agencyc. National Institute of Health d. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Q:
What type of fine is geared to the offender's net daily income?
a. Social security fines
b. Tax fines
c. Brevity fines
d. Day fines
Q:
Which of the following is one of the problems associated with the validity of the Uniform Crime Report?
a. No federal crimes are reported.
b. If an offender commits multiple crimes, only the most serious is recorded.
c. Reports are voluntary and vary in accuracy.
d. Crime rates per 50,000 people are computed.
Q:
Which of the following is an index crime?a. Kidnapping b. Forgeryc. Simple assault d. Motor vehicle theft
Q:
What is considered to be the most widely cited source of criminal statistics?
a. Uniform Crime Reports
b. National Crime Victimization Surveys
c. National Indicators of Drug Abuse
d. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding intermediate sanctions?
a. They help the offender maintain family and community ties.
b. They are more costly than jail or prison sentences.
c. They can be structured to maximize security and maintain public safety.
d. They can be scaled in severity to correspond to the seriousness of the crime.
Q:
Discuss the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). Why is the AEDPA such an important legal tool against terrorists?
Q:
Which of the following is the most punitive alternative on the punishment ladder?
a. Residential community center
b. Pretrial release
c. Restitution
d. House arrest
Q:
Which of the following is the least punitive alternative on the punishment ladder?
a. Forfeiture
b. Pretrial release
c. Fines
d. Restitution
Q:
Which of the following crimes is not included on the list of Part I index crimes documented in the Uniform CrimeReports?a. Simple assault b. Arsonc. Motor vehicle theft d. Criminal homicide
Q:
Explain how the Patriot Act has made it easier for federal agencies to conduct searches and conduct surveillance during terrorism investigations.
Q:
A Crime Index is?a. a measure of all crime, including crimes reported and crimes not reported to the police b. an accurate picture of the number of crimes committedc. an estimate of crime that is not reported to the police d. an estimate of crimes committed
Q:
Which of the following is not a form of intermediate sanction?
a. Intensive probation supervision
b. House arrest
c. Residential community corrections (RCC)
d. Sentencing circles
Q:
Explain how American law enforcement agencies have used "preventive policing" to combat terrorism.
Q:
Many scholars argue that probation will continue to be the sentence of choice in both felony and misdemeanor cases because it:
a. controls for recidivism better than other intermediate sanctions.
b. holds the promise of great financial savings.
c. best fulfills the promise of rehabilitation.
d. is justified in the ladder of punishment as a just desert sanction based on the severity of the criminal act.
Q:
Which view of crime suggests that criminal law is structured to reflect the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction?a. Moral entrepreneur b. Conflictc. Consensus d. Interactionist
Q:
Which of the following individuals is most likely to succeed on probation?
a. A young unemployed male.
b. A single female without a high school diploma.
c. A single male with a prior criminal record.
d. A married female with a part-time job.
Q:
Explain how the Internet has contributed to piracy of intellectual property.
Q:
The statement; "The law is the instrument that enables the wealthy to maintain the position of power and to control the behavior of those who oppose their ideas" aligns with which view of crime?a. Conflict b. Interactionistc. Moral entrepreneur d. Consensus
Q:
Describe botnets, worms, and viruses.
Q:
Using this definition, criminal law is a set of rules, codified by state authorities, that express norms, goals, and values of the vast majority of societya. Conflict b. Consensusc. Interactionist d. Moral entrepreneur
Q:
In addition to Spain, Japan, Hungary, and Portugal, the United States has shown a distinct downward trend in the level of crime and victimization during the past decade.a. Trueb. False
Q:
With the advent of the Internet, child pornography became much easier to disseminate. Explain the three reasons for this development.
Q:
Which of the following is the highest on the punishment ladder?
a. Forfeiture
b. Intensive probation
c. House arrest
d. Electronic monitoring
Q:
The Philadelphia survey found that arrest and punishment did little to deter chronic offenders. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Which of the following is not an initiative currently in place or suggested to improve probation?
a. Electronically monitored probation
b. Hotspot probation
c. Making probationers pay
d. Making probation private
Q:
Identify three main techniques used by white-collar criminals to carry out their crimes.
Q:
How are white-collar crimes different from violent or property crime?
Q:
Women are much more likely than men to be victimized by their acquaintances than men are. a. Trueb. False
Q:
National data indicate that about _____ percent of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentence.
a. 20
b. 40
c. 60
d. 80
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding the success of probation?
a. National data indicate that only 30 percent of probationers are successful in completing their probationary sentence.
b. Most revocations occur for technical violations during the first three months of probation.
c. Felons who receive probation are less likely to recidivate than felons who are sent to prison for committing similar crimes.
d. Incarcerating offenders increases the likelihood of recidivism.
Q:
Identify the four federal regulatory agencies that deal with whitecollar crime.
Q:
Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next through the culture of poverty. a. Trueb. False
Q:
In ____, the Supreme Court held that a probationer is constitutionally entitled to counsel in a revocation-of-probation proceeding if the imposition of a sentence has been suspended.
a. Mempa v. Rhay
b. Minnesota v. Murphy
c. Griffin v. Wisconsin
d. Morrissey v. Brewer
Q:
In ____, the Supreme Court held that a probationer's home may be searched without a warrant on the grounds that probation departments "must respond quickly to evidence of misconduct."
a. United States v. Weeks
b. Minnesota v. Murphy
c. Griffin v. Wisconsin
d. United Sates v. Knights
Q:
A is a court that is operated by the military rather than the criminal justice system and is presided over by military officers rather than judges.
Q:
Trajectory theory suggests that human development is controlled by a "master" latent trait.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The is a critical legal tool used in efforts to combat terrorism, because it permits law enforcement agents to arrest suspects even though no crime, in the traditional sense of the word, has taken place and no evident harm has been caused.
Q:
When violence rates surged in the 1980's, the increase was due almost entirely to young people.
a. True
b. False
Q:
African Americans account for almost 50 percent of Part I violent crime arrests.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In ____, the court ruled that the probation officer"client relationship is not confidential.
a. United States v. Weeks
b. Minnesota v. Murphy
c. Griffin v. Wisconsin
d. United Sates v. Knights
Q:
Which of the following is not a landmark Supreme Court case that deals with the legal rights of probationers?
a. United States v. Weeks
b. Minnesota v. Murphy
c. Griffin v. Wisconsin
d. United Sates v. Knights
Q:
An investigation of a person's history to determine whether that person should be allowed a certain privilege, such as the ability to possess a firearm is called a .
Q:
Which duty involves evaluating the probationer based on information from the initial intake or presentence investigation?
a. Investigation
b. Intake
c. Diagnosis
d. Treatment supervision
Q:
Self-report studies indicate a significant rise in the number of teens using drugs.a. Trueb. False
Q:
Intellectual property such as books, films, music, and software is vulnerable to , which is the unauthorized copying and use of the property.
Q:
Cultural transmission is the process where people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from relationships with criminal peers
a. True
b. False
Q:
The application of computer technology to help find and utilize evidence of cyber crimes is called .
Q:
What happens when probation is revoked?a. The probation contract is terminated and the original sentence is imposed.b. The judgment is deferred until such time as the defendant is rehabilitated.c. The suspended sentence is held in abeyance and the defendant is subject to mandatory participation in a pretrial diversion program.d. The probation contract is extended and a prison term is imposed.
Q:
______________ is the process of encoding information stored in computers in such a way that only authorized parties have access to it.
Q:
The availability of legalized abortion is one factor that has recently been theorized to explain the drop in crime rates.a. Trueb. False