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Q:
Outline the tenets and significance of developmental theory for explaining crime.
Q:
A typical _____________________ facility is fortress like, surrounded by stone walls with guard towers that are strategically placed around the grounds.
Q:
Discuss the DelinquencyinaBirthCohortstudy and how its findings have shaped justice policy.
Q:
Compare and contrast social structure theory and social process theory.
Q:
Explain violent crime using one of the theories elaborated in the text. Discuss why this theoretical explanation is the most useful for understanding violent crime.
Q:
New-generation jails allow for _________________observation of residents.
Q:
Almost 9 out of 10 jail inmates are __________________.
Q:
Discuss the intersection of race, class, gender, and crime victimization.
Q:
Summarize what self-report trends reveal about crime.
Q:
Using the supervision of citizen volunteers called ______________, Zebulon Brockway selected rehabilitated offenders for early release.
Q:
Describe the social, economic, personal, and demographic factors suggested by experts to account for the recent crime drop in the United States.
Q:
Outline the main premises of restorative justice. Discuss the challenges of this model and how these challenges may be overcome.
Q:
Discuss the structure and the effectiveness of RCC programs.
Q:
Compare the trends in violent crime between the United States and one other country.
Q:
Describe the several ways in which IPS is used and its effectiveness.
Q:
Elaborate the three views on defining crime. Discuss how and why some behaviors become illegal and are considered crimes while others remain non-criminal.
Q:
Explain the three significant methods used to measure the nature and extent of crime. Address the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Q:
Describe the strengths and weaknesses of shock probation and split sentencing.
Q:
According to the United Nations, the most common form of human trafficking is_____ .
Q:
A number of important legal issues surround probation. Using two relevant cases to illustrate, discuss the legal rights of probationers.
Q:
Compare and contrast three intermediate sanctions in terms of their structure and effectiveness.
Q:
Discuss the factors that contribute to a person's success or failure on probation.
Q:
The racial threat hypothesis explains that an increase of minorities in the population can correlate to an increase of___________________.
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According to _____theory, disruptions in life's major transitions can be destructive and ultimately can promote criminality.
Q:
_____assumes that people are born good and learn to be bad.
Q:
What is risk classification and is it an effective tool in the fight against repeat offending?
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Conflict criminologists focus their attention on the law violations of the_____ ?
Q:
Discuss the major functions performed by probation officers.
Q:
According to______ theory, disruptions in life's major transitions can be destructive and ultimately can promote criminality.
Q:
How has the historical development of probation influenced its modern operation? How would you answer someone who says that intensive probation is merely a return to probation as it was originally envisioned by John Augustus?
Q:
Modern _____theories of crime believe that elements of the environment interact with biological factors to control and influence behavior.
Q:
___________ is a type of intermediate sanction that involves small probation caseloads and strict monitoring on a daily/weekly basis.
Q:
The states that as the poverty of minorities in the population increases, so too does the amount of social control that the public directs at those minority group members
Q:
The ______________ is performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendant.
Q:
_____question large groups of high school students about their participation in criminal or delinquent acts.
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The_____ is one who has serious and persistent brushes with the law and whose behavior may be excessively violent and destructive.
Q:
_______ is credited with originating community sentencing.
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Criticisms of UCR data include_____ of the victims and law enforcement
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A ________________ is a person who was responsible for an offender's behavior after release.
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Murder, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and_____make up the FBI's Part I crimes.
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During the Middle Ages, _______________________ was a mandatory result of most felony convictions.
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Probation officers view themselves as ____________________ because their goal is to help offenders adjust in the community.
Q:
In _______________ (1984), the court ruled that the probation officer"client relationship is not confidential.
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The______ view of crime suggests that moral entrepreneurs define crime.
Q:
In probation proceedings, _____________ is not automatic.
Q:
____is another name associated with the 8 index crimes from the Uniform Crime Reports.
Q:
John Braithwaite's model of restorative justice relies on the concept of ____________________ to gain compliance and reintegrate the offender into the community.
Q:
Crime, most simply, is a violation of_____ .
Q:
After the burglary June is ever more fearful of her neighbors and the crime that goes on in her community. June is justified in her thoughts because;a. violent victimization's have started to rise b. youth crime is on the risec. crime against the elderly has increased d. home invasions are on the rise
Q:
June is 80 years old and is terrified of having her home burglarized or becoming a victim, so she tries not to leave the house. She has never been a victim of crime but is aware that her neighborhood may not be as safe as it used to be. One afternoon when she does decide to leave the house, her home is burglarized and her television is stolen.June decides not to report the burglary to the police because she feels that the break-in was her fault. Which tool ismost likely to record June's case?a. NIBRSb. Self Report c. UCRd. NCVS
Q:
____________________ is often used along with house arrest to ensure obedience to home confinement orders.
Q:
____________________ is resentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay.
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____________________ is when the offender must pay the victim or community back for damages.
Q:
Which cause of crime most closely fits with Andrew's actions?a. personality theoryb. social learning theory c. cognitive theoryd. choice theory
Q:
Andrew's gun purchase and use of it in a robbery and murder supports which factor that influences crime?a. availability of guns cause an escalation in serious crime b. gang members make good profits off of selling firearms c. crime rates increase as unemployment risesd. citizens are more likely to turn to crime when money is tight
Q:
What will categorize the majority of Andrew's crimes?a. Part IVb. Part I c. Part II d. Part III
Q:
Programs such as fines and forfeiture are examples of ____________________ sanctions.
Q:
Andrew has decided that he is going to rob a bank to pay off his debts after losing his job. He buys a gun from a kid who lives in an economically depressed section of town but doesn"t ask where the gun came from. On the day of the robbery, Andrew decides that he will shoot at the ceiling inside the bank to get everyone's attention. But as he shoots, the bullet ricochets and strikes a bank teller. The teller dies instantly and in the process of Andrew's get away he drops his gun.Only the most serious of Andrew's crimes has been reported to the public in this reporting mechanism.a. NIBRSb. Self-report surveyc. UCRd. NCVS
Q:
____________________ involves analyzing and assigning cases to a level and type of supervision on the basis of the clients' particular needs and the potential for harm to the community.
Q:
According to the ________________view, crime shares a common trait in that it brings harm to the community in which it occurs.
Q:
Most researchers would call this explanation of John's behavior part of the:a. trajectory theoryb. developmental theoryc. propensity theory d. life course theory
Q:
A(n) ____________________ is a sentence of incarceration that is not carried out unless the offender disobeys the rules of probation while in the community.
Q:
The UCR would handle and categorize John's crime as what?a. dirty hands b. part Ic. public endangerment d. part II
Q:
The severity of punishment is geared to the offender's ability to pay in ____________________.
Q:
The Judge believes selling drugs is inherently destructive and dangerous and that by punishing John, he will learn tocontrol his actions in the future. The Judge's view of the criminal justice system is likely what?a. crime control view b. due process view c. interactionist viewd. consensus view
Q:
John was born into a family that didn"t have very much money, and it seemed that his parents struggled to put and keep food on the table. As he grew up he found school boring despite being smart, so he dropped out. He was always impulsive and finding a job took too long. John recently found out that he is going to be a father and wants to provide the best opportunity for his child that he can. To support himself and his unborn child, he gets involved in selling pain pills and he is arrested in a sting operation.John's view of the criminal justice system is likely what?a. conflict viewb. consensus viewc. crime control view d. interactionist view
Q:
In a study entitled DelinquencyinaBirthCohort,researchers found that chronic offendersa. Are more likely to continue criminality if they are femaleb. Become adult repeat offendersc. Are deterred from further criminality if arrested during youth chronic offendingd. Commit the most violent acts of all criminals
Q:
____________________ entails the conditional release of a convicted offender, without a jail term, into the community under the supervision of the court, subject to certain conditions for a specified time.
Q:
Greg is 18 years old and has a drinking problem. He dropped out of high school and doesn"t have a steady job, but rather picks up bits and pieces of work when people are hiring for the short term. Last night he was arrested for driving while intoxicated, but before the police stopped him Greg ran a stop sign and got into an accident. The driver of the other vehicle is in serious but stable condition in the hospital. The biggest problem is that Greg is a repeat offender and has two previous driving under the influence (DUIs) on his record.Greg's accident victim is out of the hospital and wants to talk about why he is allowed to cause so much pain, why he hasn"t gotten help for his drinking and how he can move forward. What does she really want to accomplish?a. Restorative justiceb. Having a say in Greg's punishmentc. Making Greg feel guiltyd. Getting Greg help
Q:
Greg is 18 years old and has a drinking problem. He dropped out of high school and doesn"t have a steady job, but rather picks up bits and pieces of work when people are hiring for the short term. Last night he was arrested for driving while intoxicated, but before the police stopped him Greg ran a stop sign and got into an accident. The driver of the other vehicle is in serious but stable condition in the hospital. The biggest problem is that Greg is a repeat offender and has two previous driving under the influence (DUIs) on his record.Part of Greg's sentence was to pay for the damage to the car that he hit. How will he do this without a steady job?a. Day finesb. Restitutionc. He will have to get a steady jobd. Residential fines
Q:
theory recognizes that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change.a. Social structure b. Developmentalc. Psychological d. Social process
Q:
theory focuses on the economic and political forces operating in a society and views these forces as the fundamental causes of criminality.a. Conflict b. Social controlc. Developmental d. Social structure
Q:
maintains that everyone has the potential to become criminal.a. Social structure theory b. Social learning theoryc. Social control theory d. Social reaction theory
Q:
Greg is 18 years old and has a drinking problem. He dropped out of high school and doesn"t have a steady job, but rather picks up bits and pieces of work when people are hiring for the short term. Last night he was arrested for driving while intoxicated, but before the police stopped him Greg ran a stop sign and got into an accident. The driver of the other vehicle is in serious but stable condition in the hospital. The biggest problem is that Greg is a repeat offender and has two previous driving under the influence (DUIs) on his record.The judge decides that Greg has used up all of his chances and decides to sentence him to a more serious punishment but one that he can revisit at a later date. What is the judge likely to choose?a. Jailb. Split sentencec. Prisond. Demarcation
Q:
Jaime has just pled guilty to cocaine possession. At first she claimed that the drugs weren"t hers but figured the judge might be lenient if he knew that she had fought with cocaine addiction since she was 14 years old. Her parents are in the public spotlight and the publicity was just too much for her to handle so she left home when she was 16, certain that she could make it on her own. After living on the streets addicted to anything she could get her hands on, she finally went back home to seek help from her parents who put her in rehab about 6 months ago.Jaime has relapsed and she knows that her probation officer is going to violate her probation but she tells him anyway, knowing he"ll likely find out. He suggests that they try treatment again but inpatient treatment this time around. What further conditions will Jaime be subjected to?a. Fines to pay for treatmentb. Sentencing circles such as Narcotics Anonymousc. RCCd. House arrest to receive treatment
Q:
Jaime has just pled guilty to cocaine possession. At first she claimed that the drugs weren"t hers but figured the judge might be lenient if he knew that she had fought with cocaine addiction since she was 14 years old. Her parents are in the public spotlight and the publicity was just too much for her to handle so she left home when she was 16, certain that she could make it on her own. After living on the streets addicted to anything she could get her hands on, she finally went back home to seek help from her parents who put her in rehab about 6 months ago.Even though she is going to get help, Jamie feels like her sentence is a waste of time. Her probation officer asks a lot of questions when they meet. He asks questions about her family, her living situation, her relationships with others, and of course her triggers for using drugs. What is he doing?a. Post-sentence reportb. Risk classificationc. Intaked. Motivational interviewing
Q:
Which view of crime suggests that individuals are born "good" and become "bad" as they mature?a. Social reaction theory b. Social control theoryc. Social structure theory d. Social learning theory
Q:
According to theory, indicators of neighborhood disorder are highly predictive of crime rates.a. Social structure b. Developmentalc. Social process d. Conflict
Q:
Which view of criminality argues that people commit crimes if they believe it will provide immediate benefits without the threat of long-term risks?a. Social structure theory b. Psychological theoryc. Social process theory d. Choice theory
Q:
Jaime has just pled guilty to cocaine possession. At first she claimed that the drugs weren"t hers but figured the judge might be lenient if he knew that she had fought with cocaine addiction since she was 14 years old. Her parents are in the public spotlight and the publicity was just too much for her to handle so she left home when she was 16, certain that she could make it on her own. After living on the streets addicted to anything she could get her hands on, she finally went back home to seek help from her parents who put her in rehab about 6 months ago.Jaime was sentenced to a $2,000 fine, 300 hours of community service, and 2 months of intensive outpatient drug treatment. What do you think is the most likely reason for Jaime's sentence?a. There is no room in jail for another drug offender.b. Sentencing Jaime to a harsher punishment may embarrass her parents.c. An attempt to help Jaime maintain the ties that she rebuilt with her family and community.d. Restitution and community service is appropriate for a troubled drug offender.