Q&A Hero

Q: Which state was the first to authorize the appointment of a paid probation officer?a. Alaska b. Texasc. Connecticut d. Massachusetts

Q: Defensible Space is: a. the current U.S. policy for protecting Americans b. an attempt to understand the link between urban design and crime c. a movie that demonstrates how to protect yourself d. U.S. missile defense system

Q: What entity initially sets down the conditions or rules of behavior that must be followed by the probationer?a. The court b. The correctional authorityc. The victim's assistance office d. A private, third party contractor

Q: Paradigm shifts are: a. shifted to resemble concepts b. concepts shifted to paradigms c. previously agreed on paradigms that are discarded in favor of new ones d. previously agreed upon paradigms that are changed over to a hypothesis

Q: Which of the following is an axiom? a. working class youths have higher delinquency rates than upper class youths b. working class youths would be more likely to break the law to gain material goods than upper class youths c. everyone desires material comforts d. social class has no bearing on the tendency to break the law

Q: For misdemeanors, probation usually extends for the entire period of a would-be jail sentence, whereas felonies are more likely to warrant probationary periods that are the suspended prison sentence. a. slightly longer than b. actually shorter than c. extremely longer than d. felonies are not eligible for probationary periods

Q: Which of the following is not a concept? a. juvenile delinquency b. peer group c. grade in research methods d. religiosity

Q: What modern concept is attributed to the 19thcentury volunteer work of John Augustus?a. Prison b. Parolec. Jail d. Probation

Q: Probation sentences involve; a. A contract between the prison and the offender where they are released early b. Rules or conditions mandated by the prison c. A deserving suspect d. A deserving defendant

Q: What common-law practice allowed judges to suspend punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior?a. Judicial reprieve b. Recognizancec. Probation d. The wergild

Q: Grounded theory is used to: a. measure how much common sense went into a specific theory b. describe the inductive method of theory construction c. describe the deductive method of theory construction d. assess the elements that make up dirt

Q: The concept of "observation" in the language of science means a. looking at the world and making value judgments b. looking at the world and making measurements of what is seen c. looking at the world and making changes in what is seen d. looking at the world through rose colored glasses

Q: Missouri and Vermont were the second and third states authorizing appointment of paid probation officers. a. Trueb. False

Q: Restorative justice programs have been implemented in police departments when the police first encounter a crime. a. Trueb. False

Q: The results of Burgess and Park's study using the concentric circles in the city of Chicago resulted in: a. the finding that where ever the poorest people live will be the least amount of crime b. the finding that where the most wealthy people live will be the highest rates of property crime c. the finding that the crime rate will be the highest in the area characterized by transition d. the finding that when people move from one zone to another, they take their criminal tendencies with them

Q: The biggest problem with intensive supervision probation is high failure rates. a. Trueb. False

Q: What is the final step in the traditional model of science? a. operationalization b. theory development c. data collection d. observation

Q: Electronic monitoring systems have the ability to limit offender's movements to appropriate areas. a. True b. False

Q: Split sentencing involves turning part of the justice process into a healing process rather than just a distributor of revenge and punishment. a. True b. False

Q: Some jurisdictions have instituted restorative justice programs called "sentencing circles" as a form of diversion from the court process. a. True b. False

Q: The three main elements in the traditional model of science include theory, operationalization, and: a. statistics b. hypotheses c. observation d. conclusions

Q: Intensive probation supervision has been proven effective at reducing re-offending rates. a. True b. False

Q: Restitution ranks lower than probation on the punishment ladder. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following characterizes the statement: "criminal justice and human behavior often can be studied scientifically"? a. the statement is wishful thinking b. the statement is correct c. the statement is inaccurate d. the statement fails to address problems in studying human behavior

Q: Programs such as house arrest and restitution are examples of community parole. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not true concerning theory, research and policy relationships? a. theory structures research b. policies can be examined to determine if they accomplish their goals c. theory should never be used to develop public policy d. research is consulted to develop public policy

Q: Intermediate sanctions can be scaled in severity to correspond to the seriousness of the crime. a. True b. False

Q: The primary distinction between a paradigm and theory is based on: a. intersubjective agreement b. a hypothesis c. organization and structure d. operationalization

Q: Which of the following is most accurate? a. theory must always come before observation b. observation must always come before theory c. theory may precede observation; just as observation may precede theory d. theory and observation are not related

Q: The probation officer has little say in the planning of a probationer's treatment program. a. True b. False

Q: Operationalization means: a. the part of a theory that tells us how variables are related b. the procedures we go through to identify and measure variables c. the procedures we go through before we can develop a hypothesis d. the part of a theory that tells us what statistics we can use

Q: The philosophy of probation is that the average offender is not actually a dangerous criminal or a menace to society. a. True b. False

Q: Judges are generally granted discretion to tailor the restrictions of a probation sentence to fit what they deem to be the needs of the individual offender. a. True b. False

Q: Hot Spot probation is used in some areas and represents a team approach. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following cannot be studied scientifically? a. physical attributes of humans b. the purpose of life c. changes in the number of elephants in the wild d. astronomy

Q: Probation typically involves the suspension of an offender's sentence for promise of good behavior in the community. a. True b. False

Q: The "Chicago School" was noted for the study of crime in various sections of the city of Chicago. Which of the following was used to study where crime happened? a. concentric zones b. ask people why they left Chicago for other northern cities c. interviews with police officers d. content analysis of newspapers

Q: Sentencing for the purpose of general deterrence has most to do with: a. changing the offender's future behavior through fear. b. modifying the social environment from which the offender came. c. affecting the perception of the general public. d. determining the proportionality of the sentence.

Q: Which of the following cannot be studied scientifically in the field of criminal justice? a. the relationship between the number of police officers on the street and the crime rate b. the relationship between the number of police officers on the street and citizen satisfaction c. the role that an act of a deity plays on being arrested for a criminal offense d. the role that age plays in slowing one's criminal activities

Q: Conclusions drawn about the relationships among concepts, based on the logical interrelationship among the axioms is: a. a law b. a proposition c. an axiom d. a statement

Q: By punishing an offender severely as an example to others achieves the goal of:a. general deterrence. b. rehabilitation.c. specific deterrence. d. incapacitation.

Q: The more a person drinks and drives the more likely they are to be pulled over for DUI. This is an example of: a. a theory b. a law c. a hypothesis that results in a negative relationship d. a hypothesis that results in a positive relationship

Q: Dr. Smith is doing an observational study in a local jail and discovers that inmates who are respectful to the correctional officers get more telephone calls than inmates who are disrespectful. What technique has been employed in the study? a. evaluation research b. inductive logic c. deductive logic d. theory construction

Q: What event ended the transportation of felons to North America? a. The American Revolution b. The philosophical writings of the Enlightenment c. Publication of The Fatal Shore d. Passage of the Humanitarian Act in Parliament

Q: When the relationship between two variables is drawn from a theory, it is said to be: a. a fact b. a hypothesis c. a mini theory d. a paradigm

Q: What was the final fate of convicts transported to North America or Australia once their period of service was completed in the colonies? a. They were executed. b. They were granted pardons to gain their freedom. c. They were returned to Europe to complete a term of imprisonment. d. They were never released from servitude.

Q: Poor laws were developed in England at the end of the century.a. 9th b. 11thc. 14th d. 16th

Q: What was the principle factor that shaped the punishment of criminals in the sixteenth century? a. The spread of the black plague and the social hysteria that came with it b. The shift from a stable to a wandering nomadic way of life c. Sharp increases in the crime rate d. The changing labor markets that stemmed from urbanization and colonization

Q: What term was adopted in 12th century to refer to a breach of faith with one's feudal lord?a. Lex talionis b. Feloniac. Sucordisco d. Mala prohibitum

Q: What was the most common state-administered punishment in 5th century Roman civilization?a. Mutilation b. Burning at the stakec. Banishment (exile) d. Flogging

Q: The brutalization effect is a hypothesis that states that the longer an offender is incarcerated, the more likely they are to become violent.a. Trueb. False

Q: The future of structured sentencing guidelines is unclear because they may violate a defendants 6th amendment rights. a. True b. False

Q: Just Dessert means that the offender should pay back the victim or their family for the pain that they have caused. a. Trueb. False

Q: In early Greece and Rome, interpersonal violence was viewed as a private matter. a. True b. False

Q: You count the number of students registered for your research methods class. This is an example of: a. objectivity b. subjectivity c. intersubjectivity d. theory

Q: Which of the following best applies to the statement that science is always objective? a. this only happens in the study of economics b. objectivity is a matter of intersubjective agreement c. objectivity can never happen when engaged in scientific research d. objectivity is always present when a researcher knows all of the variables impacting their study

Q: A defendants 6th amendment right is diminished if juries are not instrumental in determining the outcome of a capital case. a. True b. False

Q: More than half of the crime committed in this country is for monetary gain and therefore "whether the crime was committed for money" is NOT one of the factors that affect sentencing. a. True b. False

Q: This term represents a set of concepts and the proposed relationships among these; a structure that is intended to represent or model something about the world. a. a paradigm b. a law c. a theory d. a fact

Q: Independent of opinion is a definition of: a. an analysis b. subjectivity c. objectivity d. a hypothesis

Q: Dr. Quinn is interested in who is least likely to show up for their trial; those who bond out of jail with the help of a bondsman or those placed in a court sponsored pre-trial release program. The results of the study indicate that those inmates released using a bail bondsmen had a lower failure to appear at trial rate than those using court sponsored pre-trial release. The findings of the study are used to close the expensive court run pre-trial release program. This study is an example of what type of research? a. theory building b. applied research c. basic or pure research d. a paradigm shift

Q: A number of states in the U.S. have placed a moratorium on executions until the issue of potential for error is adequately addressed. a. True b. False

Q: Death penalty researchers do not all agree that the threat of capital punishment serves as an effective general deterrent to murder. a. True b. False

Q: The death penalty is used in all states and by the federal government. a. True b. False

Q: A sentencing target of eight to twenty-five years in prison is an example of a determinate sentence. a. True b. False

Q: All people are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal is an example of which type of logic? a. deductive b. observation c. inductive d. hypothesis

Q: In an inductive approach to policy development, the final step is a. monitoring results b. collecting data c. analysis of situation d. systematic study

Q: Research on a criminal justice related policy is an example of a. explanatory research b. descriptive research c. applied research d. exploratory research

Q: Reducing recidivism is the primary goal of a specific deterrence model. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is accurate with respect to paradigms? a. paradigms consist of groups of hypotheses b. paradigms are ways of organizing our views c. paradigms are hypotheses linked in a logical framework d. all statements are accurate

Q: The chivalry hypothesis states that women benefit from sentence disparity because the system is dominated by men who have a protective attitude toward women. a. True b. False

Q: The determinate sentence is still the most widely used type of sentence in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following are not efforts that you can employ as situational crime prevention techniques? a. keeping your car doors locked when you park b. using a steering wheel lock every time you exit your car c. call the police immediately after you realize that your car has been vandalized d. use removable stereo systems

Q: Which of the following illustrates situational crime prevention? a. use of management, design, or the manipulation of the environment to reduce crime b. using prison to reduce crime by keeping offenders away from the public c. increasing police presence in high crime areas d. offender home checks

Q: The beginning of the Enlightenment Era marked the end of transporting criminals to America. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not an example of a hypothesis? a. males score higher in math than females. b. poor children have higher delinquency rates than do middle-class children. c. why is the sky dark at night? d. those who study daily will have the highest grades

Q: Once good time is earned by inmates, it cannot be revoked even if the inmates break rules, get into fights, or disobey the rules a. True b. False

Q: Describe what researchers have found concerning the death penalty as a deterrent.

Q: An axiom is a type of a. theory b. variable c. statement d. concept

Q: Which of the following is an example of a variable? a. social disorganization b. crime c. social class d. annual family income