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Q:
Subjects of the simulated prison accepted the roles they were assigned with great speed. During the study the guards became ____________________.
Q:
In order to make sure that there was no long-term damage done to the participants of the simulated prison, the researchers held sessions with "prisoners" and "guards" after the termination of the project.
Q:
______involves analyzing and assigning cases to a level and type of supervision on the basis of the clients' particular needs and the potential for harm to the community.
Q:
A(n) is the general explanation that prisons are brutal and dehumanizing because of the types of people who run them and are incarcerated in them.
Q:
According to the______ view crime shares a common trait in that it brings harm to the community in which it occurs
Q:
A(n)_____ is a sentence of incarceration that is not carried out unless the offender disobeys the rules of probation while in the community.
Q:
Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo's prison simulation examined whether the prison environment itself creates brutal, dehumanizing conditions unrelated to the kinds of people who live and work in the institutions. The term used to describe this explanation is .
Q:
The severity of punishment is geared to the offender's ability to pay in______
Q:
The use of agency data, court data, and research that is conducted in an established educational institution represent
from HHS rules governing human subjects.
Q:
______entails the conditional release of a convicted offender, without a jail term, into the community under the supervision of the court, subject to certain conditions for a specified time.
Q:
As a researcher keep in mind that when individuals are selected to participate in any sort of research study it
their regular activities.
Q:
Because of some controversial medical and social science research, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has had to step in and establish regulations designed to protect subjects.
Q:
Greg's accident victim is out of the hospital and wants to talk about why he is allowed to cause so much pain, why he hasn"t gotten help for his drinking and how he can move forward. What does she really want to accomplish?a. restorative justiceb. having a say in Greg's punishmentc. making Greg feel guilty d. getting Greg help
Q:
The two main ways of promoting compliance with ethical principles are codes of ethics and
___________________.
Q:
Beginning with general, theoretical expectations about the impact of organizational characteristics on court operations, Eisenstein and Jacob then collected data to determine the accuracy of those expectations. This process is known as:
a. conceptualization
b. the inductive model
c. the deductive model
d. the traditional image of science
Q:
Part of Greg's sentence was to pay for the damage to the car that he hit. How will he do this without a steady job?a. day fines b. restitutionc. he will have to get a steady job d. residential fines
Q:
Which one of the following is not a function of theories:
a. they make sense of observed patterns to suggest other possibilities
b. they shape and direct research efforts
c. they prevent our being taken by flukes
d. they help identify the more appropriate ways to view the world
Q:
Greg is 18, and has a drinking problem, he dropped out of high school and doesn"t have a steady job but rather picks up bits and pieces of work when people are hiring for the short term. Last night he was arrested for driving while intoxicated, but before the police stopped him Greg ran a stop sign and got into an accident. The driver of the other vehicle is in serious but stable condition in the hospital. The biggest problem is that Greg is a repeat offender and has two previous DUI's on his record.The judge decides that Greg has used up all of his chances and decides to sentence him to a more serious punishment but one that he can revisit at a later date. What is the Judge likely to choose?a. jailb. split sentence c. prisond. de-carceration
Q:
The approach with which we select and define problems for research, and figure out how to study them, is directly related to our theoretical:
a. hypothesis
b. inductive illustration
c. grounded theory
d. paradigm
Q:
Jaime has relapsed and she knows that her probation officer is going to violate her probation but she tells him anyway because he will find out soon enough. He suggests that they try treatment again, but inpatient this time. What further conditions will Jaime be subjected to?a. fines to pay for treatmentb. sentencing circles such as Narcotics anonymous c. residential community correctionsd. house arrest to receive treatment
Q:
Kevin made an observation in a natural setting, then formulated a tentative theory about the observation that explained the observation and then made additional observations. This is an example of a/an:
a. grounded theory
b. paradigm
c. inductive illustration
d. hypothesis
Q:
Even though she is going to get help, Jamie feels like her sentence is a waste of time. Her probation officer asks a lot of questions when they meet. He asks questions about her family, her living situation, her relationships with others, and of course her triggers for using drugs. What is he doing?a. his jobb. risk classification c. intaked. motivational interviewing
Q:
Jaime has just pled guilty to cocaine possession. At first she claimed that the blow wasn"t hers but figured the judge might be lenient if he knew that she had fought with a cocaine addiction since she was 14 years old. Her parents are in the public spotlight and the publicity was just too much for her to handle so she left home when she was 16, sure that she could make it on her own. After living on the streets addicted to anything she could get her hands on, she finally went back home to seek help from her parents who put her in rehab about 6 months ago.Jaime was sentenced to a $2000 fine, 300 hours of community service, and 2 months of intensive outpatient drugtreatment. What do you think is the most likely reason for Jaime's sentence?a. there is no room in jail for another drug offenderb. sentencing Jaime to a harsher punishment may embarrass her parentsc. an attempt to help Jaime maintain the ties that she rebuilt with her family and community d. restitution and community service is appropriate for a troubled drug offender
Q:
Paradigms were discussed in your text in part in terms of Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shifts. What does this mean and
give an example of a paradigm shift in the field of criminology or criminal justice.
Q:
You are Grant's probation officer and you stop by the police station to visit an officer on gun amnesty and buy back day. You see Grant turning in a handgun, and although he is indeed turning it in, it is a violation of Grant's conditions of probation to be in possession of a firearm. What is your best course of action?a. change Grant's probation to a suspended sentenceb. make Grant forfeit the money he receives from the gun amnesty program c. revoke Grant's probation on the spot and have your friend arrest himd. notify Grant that his probation may be revoked and his conditions may be changed
Q:
Even though Grant and his exwife don"t see eye to eye, the likelihood that Grant will successfully complete his term
of probation is high because:
a. he wants to see his daughter
b. he does not have a past criminal history
c. the judge will put him in jail if he doesn"t comply
d. he is getting counseling for his anger issues
Q:
Your authors present terms that are used in theory construction. Some of those terms are concepts, variables, statements and hypotheses. Explain how those words are related to one another. Use a specific theory to illustrate the relationship. In other words, identify a theory, from that theory identify a concept and variables. From those variables develop a statement and a hypothesis.
Q:
The text details the work of the "Chicago School" and the impact that perspective had on the field of criminology.
What aspects of the ecological approach could be applicable today and why?
Q:
What is the basis of historical probation that allowed Grant to serve a punishment in the community by following conditions of supervision?a. judicial reprieve b. suretyc. suspended sentencing d. dispositions
Q:
Grant was arrested for unlawful possession of a firearm, a misdemeanor in New York State. He is involved in a custody battle with his ex-wife and he brought the gun with him to scare her into letting him see his daughter more. They got into a shouting match and he pulled the gun out. Grant was arrested and he pled guilty to disorderly conduct, a handgun violation, and was given probation.If you were the sentencing judge, what condition of probation would you give Grant?a. don"t go near your exwifeb. go to drug treatmentc. only supervised visits with your daughter d. no possession of guns
Q:
The three main elements in the traditional model of science are theory, operationalization, and observation. Identify a piece of research discussed in class and identify each of the elements listed above for that research.
Q:
Identify a theory that is based upon deductive reasoning and one that is based upon inductive reasoning. Explain why each falls into the category that you suggest.
Q:
____________________ logic moves from specific data to general assumptions.
Q:
John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy of:a. restitution. b. reintegrative shaming.c. intensive supervision. d. residential community corrections.
Q:
According to the basic principles of restorative justice, the first priority of the justice process is to:
a. restore the community to the degree possible.
b. assist the victim(s).
c. shame the offender.
d. treat all offenders equally.
Q:
____________________ logic moves from the general to the specific.
Q:
Which of the following is the primary goal of Intensive Probation Services (IPS)?a. Decarceration b. Rehabilitationc. Retribution d. Incapacitation
Q:
The two pillars of science are observation and ____________________.
Q:
Using the inductive model, ____________________ are developed from the analysis of research data.
Q:
Which intermediate sanction makes a jail term a condition of probation?a. Shock probation b. Intensive probation supervisionc. Split sentencing d. Residential community corrections
Q:
Using the deductive model, research is used to test ____________________.
Q:
Resentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay is termed:a. shock probation. b. intensive probation supervision.c. split sentencing. d. residential community corrections.
Q:
When a researcher monitors and evaluates results of a program to determine if it is achieving its goals, this step is similar to ____________________ testing in basic research.
Q:
Community service is an example of what?a. Forfeiture b. Shock incarcerationc. Restitution d. Intensive probation supervision
Q:
What is the term associated with the strict interpretation of forfeiture statutes that produces property confiscations for even minor drug violations?a. Zero tolerance b. RICO raidingc. Shock forfeiture d. Day fines
Q:
Which of the following is considered to be a federal forfeiture program?
a. DRC programs
b. The RICO Act
c. The Organized Crime and Antidrug Act
d. RCC centers
Q:
When crime prevention policies try to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur, ____________________crime prevention is being employed.
Q:
The process of specifying steps, procedures, or operations for actually identifying and measuring variables to be observed is ____________________.
Q:
What did the Court rule in Tatev.Short?
a. Incarcerating a person who is financially unable to pay a fine discriminates against the poor.
b. All criminal defendants, regardless of financial situation, may be fined and incarcerated if unable to pay the fine.
c. Offenders must be offered a community service alternative to fine payment.
d. Most fines were imposed in an arbitrary and discriminatory manner that violates constitutional rights
Q:
What type of fine is geared to the offender's net daily income?a. Social security fines b. Tax finesc. Brevity fines d. Day fines
Q:
Another word for intersubjective agreement is ____________________.
Q:
What is the most punitive alternative on the punishment ladder?a. Residential community center b. Pretrial releasec. Restitution d. House arrest
Q:
A(n) ____________________ is a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something.
Q:
An axiom is an assumption about reality, while a proposition expresses relationships among
____________________.
Q:
What is the least punitive alternative on the punishment ladder?a. Forfeiture b. Pretrial releasec. Fines d. Restitution
Q:
When one moves from particular instances to general principles " from facts to theories, one is using
____________________ reasoning.
Q:
Which of the following is not a form of intermediate sanction?a. Intensive probation supervision b. House arrestc. Residential community corrections d. Sentencing circles
Q:
The zone of transition in Chicago characterized by weak families, social institutions and substandard housing produced a phenomenon called ____________________ disorganization.
Q:
The logic of social scientific inquiry is based in the use of ____________________ to guide the inquiry.
Q:
Many scholars argue that probation will continue to be the sentence of choice in both felony and misdemeanor cases because it:
a. controls for recidivism better than other intermediate sanctions.
b. holds the promise of great financial savings.
c. best fulfills the promise of rehabilitation.
d. is justified in the ladder of punishment as a just-desert sanction based on the severity of the criminal act.
Q:
Which of the following individuals is most likely to succeed on probation?
a. A young unemployed male
b. A single female without a high school diploma
c. A single male with a prior criminal record
d. A married female with a part-time job
Q:
National data indicate that approximately percent of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentence.a. 20 b. 40c. 60 d. 80
Q:
Research in criminology has moved from descriptive studies to those that place a greater emphasis on systematic
____________________.
Q:
Which of the following illustrates the relationship between a theory and a paradigm?
a. theories are collections of hypotheses while a paradigm uses just one hypothesis
b. a paradigm is more specific than a theory
c. a theory is more specific than a paradigm
d. a theory is a paradigm
Q:
According to ecological theory, which of the following is not a fundamental principle?
a. crime is more common in urban transition zones
b. crime is more common is suburban transition zones
c. crime is more common where there is a great deal of crowding
d. crime is more common where there is much poverty
Q:
This therapy assumes that most people can become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors and then make positive changes.a. Cognitivebehavioraltherapy b. Motivationalsuspicionsc. Youthfindingboundaries d. Alloftheabove
Q:
In , the Supreme Court held that a probationer's home may be searched without a warrant on the grounds that probation departments "must respond quickly to evidence of misconduct."a. UnitedStatesv.Weeks b. Minnesota v. Murphyc. Griffinv.Wisconsin d. UnitedSatesv.Knights
Q:
Scientific inquiry in practice typically involves a relationship between:
a. theory and policy
b. concepts and paradigms
c. hypothesis and hypotheses
d. deduction and induction
Q:
In , the Court ruled that the probation officer/client relationship is not confidential.a. UnitedStatesv.Weeks b. Minnesota v. Murphyc. Griffinv.Wisconsin d. UnitedSatesv.Knights
Q:
If grades go up as the number of study hours go up, this is called what type of relationship?
a. negative
b. positive
c. inverse
d. a fluke
Q:
Which of the following is not a landmark Supreme Court case that deals with the legal rights of probationers?a. UnitedStatesv.Weeks b. Minnesota v. Murphyc. Griffinv.Wisconsin d. UnitedSatesv.Knights
Q:
Grounded theories refer to which of the following?
a. testing a theory to see if the data fits
b. theories that have been constructed by faculty just beginning their careers
c. describes the inductive method of theory construction
d. describes the deductive method of theory construction
Q:
Which of the following is accurate with respect to induction?
a. induction begins with a theory
b. induction starts with observed data
c. induction ends with relationships
d. induction begins with generalizations
Q:
Which duty involves evaluating the probationer based on information from the initial intake or presentence investigation?a. Investigation b. Intakec. Diagnosis d. Treatment supervision
Q:
The second step in the traditional model of science is which of the following?
a. concepts
b. observation
c. operationalization
d. methodology
Q:
What happens when probation is revoked?
a. The probation contract is terminated and the original sentence is imposed
b. The judgment is deferred until such time as the defendant is rehabilitated
c. The suspended sentence is held in abeyance and the defendant is subject to mandatory participation in a pretrial diversion program
d. The probation contract is extended and a prison term is imposed
Q:
The is conducted primarily to gain information for judicial sentences.a. intake b. pre-sentence investigationc. diagnosis d. adjudication
Q:
refers to the process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceedings.a. Intake b. Pre-sentence investigationc. Diagnosis d. Adjudication
Q:
The idea of defensible space can be traced to the work of:
a. Shaw and McKay
b. Newman
c. David Takeuchi
d. Maxfield and Babbie
Q:
Operationalization involves which of the following?
a. testing hypotheses
b. testing theories
c. identifying how you will measure a variable
d. developing a theory