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Q:
Critics of Humphrey's "Tearoom Trade" cited all but which of the following as potential ethical issues?
a. the invasion of privacy
b. the value of the study
c. the fact that he traced the participants to their homes
d. the deceit involved
Q:
The Pennsylvania system in corrections, was the first to take the radical step of what?:
a. Creating a specific gang intervention program
b. Creating dormitory type spaces for inmates to stay
c. Placing each inmate in a single cell
d. Placed inmates in pre-release work
Q:
What group formed the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons?a. Buddhists b. Catholicsc. Quakers d. Mormons
Q:
In Humphrey's research on anonymous homosexual acts in public bathrooms, he was
a. arrested because of his participation
b. playing one of the roles, a lookout known as a "watch queen"
c. often engaging in homosexual acts himself
d. considered the standard on good techniques for studying deviant behavior
Q:
The value of institutional review boards includes which of the following?
a. they provide expert advice on how to resolve ethical dilemmas present in some research
b. since some researchers are not disinterested parties, IRBs offer outside judgments about ethical considerations
c. they make sure that researchers are not overlooking the rights and well-being of their subjects
d. all of the above
Q:
The "modern" American correctional system had its origin in what state?a. New York b. Pennsylvaniac. New Jersey d. Massachusetts
Q:
Which of the following are not exempt from IRB review under federal guidelines?
a. research involving the analysis of existing data
b. research involving the use of educational tests that are cognitive in nature
c. research conducted in established educational settings that involve normal education practices
d. research that uses living subjects who have participated in at least one prior research study
Q:
What was the primary reason for the establishment of institutional review boards?
a. questionnaires administered that asked subjects to report on deviant sexual behaviors
b. research on juveniles that focus upon their treatment as adults by the criminal justice system
c. medical experimentation
d. personal interviews with prisoners asking them to describe crimes that were not known to the police
Q:
Where were the English forced to house large numbers of prisoners in the late eighteenth century?
a. In the ancient Le Stinche prison
b. In the basement of Westminster Abbey
c. In abandoned coal and copper mines
d. On prison hulks and barges
Q:
When did the concept of incarcerating convicted offenders as a form of punishment become the norm for corrections?a. During biblical times b. 14thcenturyc. 17thcentury d. 19thcentury
Q:
In order to protect prisoners since they are a special population, researchers should do all of the following except
a. make sure there are no repercussions if prisoners choose not to participate in the research
b. offer the prisoners money to participate
c. have at least one member of the institutional review board be either a prisoner or someone designated to represent the interests of the prisoners
d. do not expose prisoners to risks that would be considered excessive for non-prison subjects
Q:
John Augustus revolutionized corrections by calling for the renovation of the prison system in 1790. a. Trueb. False
Q:
According to federal regulations, which of the following represent special populations for purposes of criminal justice research?
a. police officers
b. juveniles
c. corrections officers
d. parolees
Q:
Federal regulations and IRB guidelines address ethical issues in social research. Which of the following represents the foremost or key ethical issue in social research?
a. principle of do no harm
b. principle of humane treatment
c. principle of voluntary participation
d. principle of special populations
Q:
Medium security prisons have liberal furlough but strict visiting policies. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Which of the following is necessary in order to establish informed consent of research subjects?
a. telling subjects the purpose of the research
b. telling subjects about the procedures that will be used during the research
c. telling subjects about the possible risks and side effects of the research
d. telling subjects the results of the research
Q:
Private prisons are called private because the food and medical services are provided by private contractors. a. Trueb. False
Q:
The Humphrey's study involved
a. participant observation involving human deviance
b. participant observation in a laboratory setting
c. observation of prison inmates in a maximum security setting
d. participation in parole activities
Q:
Some pregnant women are allowed to keep their babies in prison with them. a. Trueb. False
Q:
The Sumners Ashurst act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison for private use
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Federal government has closed its boot camp program.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is not a purpose of institutional review boards?
a. to determine whether adequate safeguards are in place to protect the welfare of human subjects
b. to make sure that grant money is spent appropriately
c. provide outside or third party judgments
d. to provide expert advice on the resolution of ethical dilemmas
Q:
The amount of time served in prison has decreased
a. True
b. False
Q:
Criminal justice researchers have ethical obligations to
a. make shortcomings known to readers
b. report negative findings
c. colleagues in the scientific community
d. all of the above
Q:
The number of adult females in jail has been growing at a much faster rate than males.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When a survey is confidential rather than anonymous
a. the researcher must make this fact clear to respondents
b. the researcher must abort the research project
c. the researcher may release information to third parties
d. the researcher is obligated to disclose participant identities
Q:
Which of the following statements is accurate?
a. it is often as important to know that two things are not related as to know that they are related
b. researchers are not ethically obligated to admit mistakes they made doing their research
c. unexpected findings need not be reported
d. all of the above
Q:
Boot camps are a form of shock incarceration.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is not essential in maintaining confidentiality in field or survey interviews?
a. remove names and addresses from data-collection forms
b. keep a master identification file linking numbers to names so that at a future date data can be corrected where necessary
c. put the master file on the computer so that you do not leave paper copies of the file laying around
d. only individuals with a legitimate purpose should have access to the master file
Q:
The rehabilitation movement of the 1960s was guided by the medical model.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The promise of anonymity in a mailed survey would be especially important if the subject of that survey was
a. personal drug use
b. information about use of public transportation
c. educational attainment
d. the number of dependent children in the household
Q:
In a web-based survey, anonymity could be achieved by
a. not requiring participants to provide their name
b. allowing respondents to remain anonymous
c. not requiring participant login information
d. all of the above
Q:
Medium-security prisons promote greater treatment efforts than maximum-security prisons.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following may present an ethical issue where voluntary participation is concerned?
a. a small payment in cash in exchange for participation
b. using prisoners as subjects after they have been told about the nature of the experiment and what their rewards will be
c. getting an informed consent form signed when doing surveys
d. random assignment of subjects to an experimental and a control group
Q:
The Quakers pressured the state legislature to improve conditions in the prisons in Pennsylvania.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The researcher can lessen the potential for harm when doing research by
a. having sensitivity to the issue and experience
b. never telling the subject about the potential of harm
c. paying no attention to the potential for harm
d. using tricks to make the subject unaware of the harm potential
Q:
The "modern" American correctional system has its origins in New York.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the textbook, a major tenet of medical research ethics is that experimental participation must be voluntary; this same norm applies to
a. humanities research
b. criminal justice research
c. clinical setting research
d. ecumenical research
Q:
Supporters of the Pennsylvania system believed that the penitentiary was truly a place to experience penitence.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Penal Institutions where offenders would go to be deprived of their freedom for punishment have been around since the 10th century.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Outline the main premises of restorative justice. Discuss the challenges of this model and how these challenges may be overcome.
Q:
Which of the following is a technique that works well when interviewing subjects about topics that may be emotionally or psychologically challenging?
a. having the researcher ask questions from behind a curtain so that the subject does not see the interviewer
b. asking the subject to respond to questions on a laptop computer
c. putting the researcher in a disguise so that the subject does not know their identify
d. putting the subject in a disguise so that they cannot be identified
Q:
Which of the following are examples of research where there was potential harm to the researcher?
a. Latane and Darley's experimental study of bystander intervention where researchers staged crimes to gauge
the reaction of citizens
b. Bruce Johnson's study of heroin users in New York where participants were gathered by word of mouth
among addicts
c. Reuter, MacCoun and Murphy's study using probation records to identify drug dealers
d. all of the above
Q:
Discuss structure and the effectiveness of residential community corrections programs.
Q:
In the authors' example of proposed legal education research, a questionnaire would be administered at the time the
bar exam was taken. This technique was deemed unethical because
a. the results would be effected by the administration of the bar exam
b. those taking the bar had not consented to take the questionnaire
c. findings are not valid when large groups of subjects take a questionnaire at the same time
d. those taking the bar would want to make their law school look good, thus invalidating the results
Q:
Describe the several ways in which intensive probation supervision is used and its effectiveness.
Q:
Describe the strengths and weaknesses of shock probation and split sentencing.
Q:
In order to conduct research involving non-human subjects a university must establish an institutional review board (IRB).
a. True
b. False
Q:
In most cases, federal law does not protect researchers from legal action.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Deception of human subjects is never appropriate.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The research goal of voluntary participation may be impossible to follow.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A number of important legal issues surround probation. Using no more than 3 pertinent cases to illustrate, discuss the civil rights of probationers.
Q:
Compare and contrast three intermediate sanctions in terms of their structure and effectiveness.
Q:
Discuss the factors that contribute to a person's failure on probation.
Q:
As a principle, possible harm to subjects may be justified when the potential benefits of the study outweigh the possible harm.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Social research may cause psychological harm or embarrassment in people who are asked to reveal information about themselves.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What is risk classification and is it an effective tool in the fight against repeat offending?
Q:
Discuss the major functions that probation officers perform.
Q:
Confidentiality and anonymity mean the same thing so they can be used interchangeably.
a. True
b. False
Q:
How has the historical development of probation affected its modern operation? How would you answer someone who says that intensive probation is merely a return to probation as it was originally envisioned by John Augustus?
Q:
Webster's New World dictionary (4th ed.) defines ethical as "conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group."
a. True
b. False
Q:
Ethical considerations in criminal justice research are always apparent.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A______ is a person who was responsible for an offender's behavior after release.
Q:
Scientifically "perfect" research designs can be limited only by money and time constraints.
a. True
b. False
Q:
During the Middle Ages,______ was a mandatory result of most felony convictions.
Q:
Probation officers view themselves as______as their goal is to help offenders adjust in the community.
Q:
Discuss the role of institutional review boards in the research process. In what ways do they influence research and what is their specific purpose? Give an example of a situation that would not be approved by an institutional review board and how the researcher could rectify that situation.
Q:
There are certain classes of subjects that require special treatment by the researcher. Identify at least two of those classes and discuss why they constitute a special class. What specific steps should be taken when dealing with these special classes?
Q:
Judges have broad discretion to set specific conditions of probation using a______ approach.
Q:
Researchers strive to do no harm to their subjects. Identify what type of harm may occur to subjects and use specific examples to illustrate the potential harm. Include in your answer whether harm is ever appropriate when completing research in criminal justice.
Q:
In probation proceedings_____ is not automatic.
Q:
John Braithwaite's model of restorative justice relies on the concept of______ to gain compliance and reintegrate the offender into the community.
Q:
When the term "informed consent" is used in criminal justice research it refers to some very specific ethical concerns. Discuss what is meant by "informed consent" and why it is important when engaging in research.
Q:
______is often used along with house arrest to ensure obedience to home confinement orders.
Q:
Give an example using research discussed in class of the difference between anonymity and confidentiality. Be specific with your example.
Q:
If appropriate steps are taken prior to the start of research to safeguard the data, federal law protects researchers from ____________________ action.
Q:
________is resentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay.
Q:
_____is when the offender must pay the victim or community back for damages.
Q:
Not harming people is an easy to accept in theory, but it is often difficult to ensure in practice.
Q:
Programs such as fines and forfeiture are examples of ______sanctions.