Q&A Hero

Q: An example of is when a researcher is able to link information with a given person's identity but promises not to do so publicly.

Q: The_____ was the judicial policy of not interfering in the administrative affairs of prisons.

Q: The Auburn system was also referred to as the_____ system since most prisoners ate and worked in groups.

Q: When a researcher cannot match a given response to a specific research subject this is known as ____________________.

Q: The tier system was first introduced as part of the_____ system.

Q: When using students in your class as research subjects and having them complete a questionnaire, there is a potential for ethical problems in that their participation may not be .

Q: Harm to subjects, researchers, and third parties is especially risky when doing studies.

Q: The penitentiary house was a central feature in the early____ prison system.

Q: Becky has been sentenced to a minimum security prison where she is working with other inmates to make goods.She engages in other group activities such as meals and recreation, but stays alone her cell at night. What is the origin of this type of punishment?a. the congregate systemb. the Pennsylvania system c. the Walnut street jaild. the convict lease system

Q: Federal regulations require special provisions for all of the following categories of subjects, except one. The one not covered is: a. elderly b. juveniles c. prisoners and juveniles d. prisoners

Q: Becky is back in court, once again for shoplifting. The judge still feels that an alternative sentence is appropriate for Becky, possibly one that provides her skills that will help in the future. What type of facility will likely accomplish his goal?a. boot campb. halfway housec. corrections corporation of America d. prison camp

Q: Ethical issues found in the Stanford Prison Experiment included all of the following except: a. signed consent forms were obtained b. participants in the role of guards were given minimal instructions c. subjects were not fully informed of the procedures d. as the study progressed, guards were permitted to modify or create rules

Q: Becky is a 17 and has always been trouble. She disobeys her parents, skips school and seems to have some anger toward authority figures. She also has some developmental delays that she was born with and although she is 17 acts as if she is 12. She is standing in front of Judge Joe Brown for the first time and is being charged with shoplifting.The Judge has a lot of options for punishment because Becky lives in a state where 17 is the legal age to be considered an adult.The judge would like Becky to learn discipline and to understand the seriousness of her actions. Of the many punishments you have read about, what will most likely accomplish the judge's goal?a. halfway house b. boot campc. new generation jaild. minimum security prison

Q: Sources of distinction between "right and "wrong" include: a. religion b. political ideology c. pragmatic observations of successes and failures d. all of the above

Q: Wayne has been contacted by the GEO group to design a facility. What type of work is he about to sign-on for?a. private prison b. boot campc. super-maximum facility d. halfway house

Q: Which of the following may not constitute voluntary participation? a. give students who complete the research questionnaire extra credit b. allow students to fill out a questionnaire on their own time and when they finish put them in a box outside the departmental secretary's office c. ask that students fill out a questionnaire and not include their name or student identification number d. on in-class questionnaires have the professor leave the room while they are being filled out and turned in and allow students to remain anonymous

Q: In which of the following research settings would you not need to get approval from an institutional review board? a. research involving interviews of undercover police officers b. research involving surveys given to students in all sociology classes at your university where student names are not given c. interviews with faculty in your major about the most pressing issues that they see with respect to their students d. research involving observations in a county clinic regarding the prescription dosages for adult patients

Q: Which of the following is not considered a requirement of informed consent? a. informing subjects of the research purpose b. alerting the subjects to possible risks c. telling the subject where the funding for the research came from d. letting the subjects know about the specific procedures that will be used

Q: Wayne is an architect. He designs all kinds of buildings, but lately he has found that designing correctional institutions is a very lucrative business. He knows a couple of people that have gone to jail and prison and has been asked to come up with the best way to maintain security in each facility.Wayne is working on a project that will be a free standing structure that houses inmates in pods. This will allow officers to supervise them differently. What is Wayne building?a. medium security prison b. new generation jailc. private prisond. maximum security prison

Q: Sean has gotten in a fight with another inmate, and he will be transferred to another prison with a different custody level. What will be the likely choice for Sean who is now considered more violent?a. federal prison camp b. halfway housec. jaild. maximum security

Q: The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted in a. a maximum security prison b. a laboratory c. a death row wing of a federal penitentiary d. a mental hospital

Q: Which of the following is most correct with respect to the concept of ethical issues? a. ethical issues are always obvious b. ethical issues are not always apparent c. ethical issues can often be ignored d. ethical issues are only problems if the subject realizes they have been treated unethically

Q: Sean hasn"t ever come to grips with his childhood and his feelings of abandonment and has been seeing the prisonpsychologist and is getting treatment. Why do inmates have this opportunity inside prison?a. the medical modelb. the Pennsylvania model c. the Auburn modeld. We are required to treat the ill.

Q: Which of the following is not considered a special population that requires more careful treatment? a. prisoners b. juveniles c. mental patients d. ethnic minorities

Q: When reporting your findings, which of the following is not necessary for you to disclose? a. any failures of your study b. who your subjects are and what city they live in c. any negative finds d. technical shortcomings

Q: Sean has recently been handpicked by the warden along with several other inmates to leave the prison and work for a company that is going to replace the roofs of all of the correctional institutions in the state. This origin of this type of work or arrangement can be found in?a. indentured servants b. the ticket of leavec. the contract system d. the convict lease

Q: Sean was placed in solitary confinement when he first arrived at the prison. The problem is that he has now been in solitude for 3 months. What is the historical significance of this?a. penanceb. solitude for safety c. retributiond. rehabilitation to cure

Q: Sean hasn"t always been on the wrong side of the law; he grew up in a two parent household and was involved with his church and the community garden that his dad loved. When his dad was arrested and sent to prison for growing copious amounts of marijuana, everything changed. When his father was sentenced his mom left him with his grandma and she hasn"t been seen in 2 years. Sean has had many chances to reform his behavior in the juvenile system, and his grandmother has tried to get him counseling and a mentor. Despite his young age of 16, Sean has just been sentenced as an adult in a shooting rampage that killed one and wounded 4.Despite Sean's apparent anger issues and need for treatment, he will not get much of it when he enters the adultprison system, the focus is all about security.a. adult crime, adult punishment b. the new penologyc. the criminalization of the youth d. the old penology

Q: A researcher is least likely to encounter legal liability in which of the following situations? a. in an observational study you see juveniles spray-painting walls at their school and you say nothing b. you watch one of your subject deal drugs on the corner and you alert him when a police car turns the corner c. one of your subjects tells you he committed a rape and you do not tell anyone even though you know what he told you is true d. you refuse to reveal confidential information under a claim of immunity

Q: You are conducting research dealing with recreational marijuana use. You plan to ask questions of subjects brought into the laboratory and in order to pay them you need their name and address. You tell the subjects that you plan not to reveal their answers to your questions. What type of technique are you using? a. confidentiality b. anonymity c. secrecy d. privacy

Q: Which of the following is true regarding future prison trends?a. Fewer people are receiving a prison sentence than five years ago.b. A significantly greater number of people are receiving prison sentences than a decade ago.c. Policymakers are shifting to a rehabilitation perspective.d. All states spend more on prisons than higher education.

Q: Which of the following is a factor that helps contribute to swelling prison populations? a. Failure of community release programs b. Mandatory sentencing laws c. Conviction rates d. All of these

Q: The excitement and commitment to scientific advancement may lead researchers to a. overlook possible harms to participant wellbeing b. overlook possible participant harms c. allow the ends to justify the means d. all of the above

Q: Which of the following is generally recognized as an ethical procedure for subject/participant selection? a. assimilation b. correlation c. randomization d. deception

Q: The majority of inmates the U.S are ? a. housed in maximum or super-maximum facilities b. housed in private prisons c. alcohol and/or drug dependant at the time of their arrest d. first time violent offenders who will serve long sentences

Q: The inmate population in the US has despite a decade long crime drop.a. increased exponentially b. stabilizedc. only decreased minimally d. stayed the same

Q: Prisoners are considered as a special population because they are a. readily accessible for experimentation and interviews b. exposed to risks c. a true representative population sample d. segregated from the main population sample

Q: Which statement is the most accurate? a. harm to subjects is never a real concern b. harm to subjects is never appropriate c. harm to subjects may occur if the benefits outweigh the harm d. harm to subjects is appropriate if it is only psychological in nature

Q: Approximately percent of the young male African American population without a high school diploma orGED are currently behind barsa. 17 b. 27c. 37 d. 47

Q: A promise of anonymity is unlikely to be extended in which of the following techniques? a. use of department of corrections summary data b. personal interviews c. questionnaires that do not request identifying information d. anonymity is really impossible in all forms of research

Q: A researcher may face legal liability when a. they observe crime occurring during the course of their study but decide not to report it to the police b. they become a participant in the criminal activity they are observing c. they have knowledge that research subjects have committed illegal acts d. all of the above

Q: One day in prison costs more than day(s) on parolea. 1 b. 5c. 10 d. 15

Q: Explicitly telling people that their participation is voluntary is a. a necessary component of informed consent b. a necessary component of confidentiality c. a necessary component of anonymity d. a necessary component to obtain grant funding

Q: Private prisons have the unique advantage of ? a. Allowing the government to circumvent the voting process to approve a bond issue b. Being selective in which inmates are housed. c. Not cutting corners, because they have private sources of funding. d. It is difficult to determine accountability for problems and mishaps.

Q: If a researcher uses only those subjects who volunteer for a study, then which of the following may result? a. non-volunteers feel left out b. the results could not be generalized to a larger group of people c. no one would be interested in the outcome because non-volunteers are not included d. none of the above

Q: The U.S. Correctional Corporation opened its first private prison in what state?a. New York b. Kentuckyc. Virginia d. Georgia

Q: Many police departments around the country now have the ability to produce crime maps identifying where crimes happen. Are there any problems with giving the public access to these maps? a. no, because they are public record if the police produce them b. no, because the maps only identify locations where crimes happen, not the individuals involved c. yes, because if the maps are detailed, someone may recognize their neighbors' victimization d. yes, because the victims did not volunteer to be part of the maps

Q: Shock incarceration is generally designed with what target population in mind?a. Violent offenders b. Elderly offendersc. Drug offenders d. Youthful, first-time offenders

Q: Virtually all research that uses human subjects is: a. subject to international review board review b. considered to be unethical c. considered unreliable d. subject to institutional review board review

Q: Shock incarceration programs generally last how long?a. 1 to 2 days b. 1 to 3 weeksc. 90 to 180 days d. 6 to 12 months

Q: Prison farms and camps are found primarily in what section of the country?a. Northeast b. East coastc. Northern tier of states d. South and the West

Q: When information is gathered by researchers and there are no identifying characteristics allowing the researchers to match up results to individual subjects, this illustrates: a. confidentiality b. the absence of deception c. anonymity d. assurance of voluntary participation

Q: The primary purpose of a maximum-security prison is:a. rehabilitation. b. security.c. deterrence. d. silence.

Q: Which of the following have the potential to present ethical dilemmas/challenges to researchers?a. mandatory reporting requirementsb. withholding desirable treatmentsc. staff misbehaviord. all of the above

Q: Immunity as part of federal protection from legal action requires a. researchers to prominently display all licenses b. researchers to testify in open court c. confidential information to be protected d. confidential information to be revealed

Q: Joliet and the "The Rock" were examples of what type of prison?a. Maximum security b. Medium securityc. Minimum security d. A prison farm

Q: Which of the following statements best describes correctional technology? a. Escape from jail can be prevented through the monitoring of an inmates' heartbeat. b. Ground penetrating radar can locate tunnels inmates use to escape. c. An all-in-one detection spray can be used to detect someone who possesses marijuana, methamphetamines, heroin, or cocaine. d. All of these are true regarding correction technology.

Q: Those doing research in the fields of criminal justice and criminology have ethical standards set by a. the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences b. the American Society of Criminology c. the Committee for Ethical Science Standards d. the National Academy of Sciences

Q: Which of the following represents voluntary participation? a. giving small amounts of money to a subject b. asking people on the street at the noon hour if they would like to participate in research c. using a class of students at the local college d. full disclosure of research purpose with informed consent

Q: What type of jail has the correctional officer's station located inside a secure room?a. Linear jail b. Indirect supervision jailc. Direct supervision jail d. Maximum security jail

Q: Which of the following is false regarding new-generation jails? a. Unobserved inmates are essentially unsupervised. b. Continuous observation of residents is permitted. c. Direct supervision jails involve a cluster of cells surrounding a living area. d. Indirect supervision jails are a type of new-generation jail.

Q: Which of the following comes closest to the purpose of an institutional review board? a. to determine if adequate safeguards for general welfare of subjects is in place b. to determine if the proposed research is worthy of study c. to turn violators of ethical principles over to the police d. to make it difficult for any social science research to be completed

Q: The National Crime Victimization Survey prevents researchers of the public from having information on a victim's a. age b. relationship to an offender c. place of residence d. gender

Q: Almost jail inmates are adult males.a. 7 out of 10 b. 8 out of 10c. 9 out of 10 d. None of these

Q: An important trend in prisons of the twentieth century was the a. development of the modern convict-lease system b. development of increased rigidity and more prison rules c. replacement of solitary confinement with the whip and lash d. development of specialized prisons designed to treat particular types of offenders.

Q: Crime surveys where respondents are asked about their experiences as victims of crime have the potential to cause a. physical trauma to the researcher b. psychological harm c. false data as participants always fabricate information to avoid revealing embarrassing details d. crime rates to increase

Q: Which of the following statements is false regarding the population of jail inmates according to the text? a. The number of juveniles in adult facilities has been dramatically increasing in the past decade. b. Less than 10 percent of jail inmates are female. c. Men and the poor are over-represented among jail inmates. d. Racial and ethnic minorities are over-represented among jail inmates.

Q: With regard to drug formulation research, which of the following is a consequence of not publishing unsuccessful research findings? a. accusations of fraudulent practices b. legal liability c. research bias d. studies on ineffective drugs are repeated unnecessarily

Q: In order for there to be no ethical considerations in doing criminal justice research, the researcher must do all of the following except a. ensure that participation in the study is voluntary b. make sure that no physical, emotional or psychological harm comes to the subjects c. adhere to either confidentiality or anonymity " whichever is promised to the subjects d. make each subject fully aware of purpose, reasons and outcomes of the research

Q: Which of the following is not one of the five primary purposes for jails? a. Detain accused offenders awaiting trial b. Hold probationers and parolees who are awaiting a revocation hearing c. House convicted felons when state prisons are overcrowded d. Hold mental patients when asylums are overcrowded

Q: The major similarity between the Pennsylvania and the Auburn system was?a. Penitence and prayer b. Group or congregate workc. Tiered cells d. Silent, harsh punishment

Q: Ethical issues surrounding the prison simulation include all of the following except a. subjects were not fully informed of the procedures they would undergo b. the researchers were not fully aware of what they could expect from the simulation c. the project utilized only 21 participants d. guards were allowed to make up and modify rules as the project progressed

Q: Which of the following is not an accurate description of the simulated prison project? a. subjects accepted their roles very readily with guards becoming aggressive while prisoners became passive b. debriefing sessions were held at the conclusion of the project to insure that there was no long term damage to the participants c. participants were allowed to select their preferred role (guard or prisoner) d. videotapes and audio tapes were made of the entire simulation

Q: The "modern" American correctional concept has its origin under the leadership of?a. William Penn b. George Washingtonc. Alexander Machonochie d. Cesare Beccarria

Q: What is the name for the system that allowed prison officials to sell the labor of inmates to private businesses?a. Property in service system b. Guardian systemc. Contract system d. Convict-lease system

Q: Attempts to guard against harm to the participants in the simulated prison were accomplished by all of the following except a. making certain that all participants were psychologically healthy b. insisting that those who were assigned the guard role would not use physical force against those assigned to the role of prisoner c. any participant who showed distress was released from the simulation early d. allowing participants to select their preferred role (prisoner or guard)

Q: Haney, Banks and Zimbardo designed a simulated prison to measure a. the dispositional hypothesis b. the degree of violence that prison guards innately have c. the situational hypothesis d. how violent inmates can be subdued

Q: What was the key to discipline in the Auburn system?a. Flogging b. Brandingc. Prayer and penitence d. Silence confinement

Q: Supporters of Humphrey's "Tearoom Trade" cited all of the following reasons for Humphrey's methods except a. deceit used in the research was essentially harmless b. the topic of anonymous sex in public places was worthy of study c. being a voyeur in sexual encounters is something that "caught on" resulting in many replications of his study d. anonymous sex in public bathrooms could not be studied any other way

Q: Which prison system was known as the congregate system?a. New Jersey system b. Auburn systemc. Pennsylvania system d. Newbern system