Q&A Hero

Q: After careful study of the relationship between the economy and arson, the conclusion was drawn that when the economy is poor and unemployment is high the arson rates go up. The researcher concluded that unemployed people are more likely to commit arson than are those that are employed. What error was just committed? a. the ecological fallacy b. reductionism c. using the wrong time dimension d. an internal validity threat

Q: Clemmer coined the term "________ process" to refer to an inmate's adjustment to prison life.

Q: After a one-year study of the recidivism rates of boot camps in the state of Georgia, the lowest rates were found in the boot camps located in Macon. What units of analysis were used in this study? a. social artifacts b. individuals c. groups d. organizations

Q: Given its designed segregation and surveillance, the modern prison is a model______ .

Q: The effects of violence in children's programming is a major research endeavor that requires counting the number of violent acts in Saturday morning cartoons for an entire year. The units of analysis being used for this project are a. social artifacts b. individuals c. groups d. organizations

Q: Gary feels like an outsider. He can"t seem to get a job despite his college degree and everyone looks at him as if he is going to steal from them. He is not a criminal and is tired of being treated like one. He is just about ready to commit another crime so he can go back to his friends on the inside. Why is this feeling common among parolees?a. They can"t find a job.b. He doesn"t have a place to live and his psychologist can"t help himc. Prison rarely address the psychological and economic needs of offenders. d. The total institution

Q: Gary has just been granted parole. He served 7 of his 10 year sentence because he was mostly well behaved, he worked in the captain's office and got an accounting degree inside prison. When he is released, his partner doesn"t want to see him and his parents won"t let him stay with them until he gets a job and proves that he is no longer a criminal.Gary has signed up to take the Certified Public Accounting Exam. He was sure that getting a college degree in prison would make him marketable and he would be able to get a good job upon leaving prison. He hasn"t had a successful experience thus far and has just found out that he is not allowed to take the CPA exam. What is the main reason Gary having so much trouble on the outside?a. His college degree earned in prison is not the same as a free person's college degree.b. His family is not supportive.c. Gary is barred from being employed in a financial field. d. Prison locks people into the lowest rung of society.

Q: The well-known Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, discussed in Chapter 1, provides another example of a. construct validity problems b. internal validity problems c. statistical validity problems d. replication validity problems

Q: Jill, her new cellmate and the other women in the prison get regular medical checkups and in Jill's case, she gets additional appointments with the doctors because she is pregnant. They see a counselor and the administration is attempting to address the counseling and programming needs of all inmates. What is the main reason there is such an effort to do this for people who committed crimes?a. As a population, they are the most in need of these services. b. Inmates are protected from cruel and unusual punishment.c. Inmates have a right to adequate medical care.d. Seeing doctors is included in their 4thamendment rights.

Q: In a general sense, external validity is concerned with whether research findings from one study can be a. exhaustingly conclusive b. reproduced in another study, often under different conditions c. reproduced in another study, often under the same conditions d. validated by the National Academy to Advance Scientific Learning

Q: Jill's new cellmate is mean and angry. She seems to have had a rough life, grew up in an abusive home and turned todrugs to escape her situation. At one time, she even turned to prostitution to support her drug habit and has long listof medical issues. What is most significant about Jill's cellmate and her situation?a. She is not amenable to treatment because of her anger. b. She is the typical female inmate.c. She will be a problem for the prison management. d. Jill is scared that she will be a victim of violence.

Q: Regarding nomothetic explanation, which of the following specific criteria for causality do researchers consider? a. two variables must vary togetherthey must be empirically correlated. b. the cause must occur before the effect. c. the empirical correlation between cause and effect is not due to some other factor. d. all of the above

Q: Jill isn"t supposed to be friends with the correctional officers, but it turns out that one of the C.O's that maintains security on the cell block went to high school with Jill. They even dated the same guy years ago. What is the major problem with Jill and the C.O. being friends?a. The duality of the correctional officers role.b. Jill will likely turn on her C.O. friend someday to exploit her. c. The other inmates on Jill's cell block are jealous.d. Jill will be moved to a special wing to give birth.

Q: Which of the following would serve as a "snap shot" of a phenomenon at one point in time? a. panel study b. cross-sectional study c. cohort study d. trend study

Q: Jill has 2 children and stays at home with them. She got into trouble when she hurt her back and got addicted to the pain pills her doctor prescribed. When she couldn"t get any more pills, she went searching the streets for something else to take the pain away. She would leave her kids with her mom and disappear for days while addicted to heroin. Jill just got through the classification process at the women's correctional facility and has found out that she is pregnant with twins.Jill has adapted to prison quite well. She is seen as gentle on the cell block and sometimes worries about the babies she is carrying. She is protected and cared for and usually stays out of trouble and altercations with the other inmates. What is the likely reason Jill has adapted to prison so well?a. She is on a special cell block for pregnant women. b. She found that she can get high inside prison.c. She and her cellmate have become lovers. d. She has joined a make believe family.

Q: Which of the following would be an example of a retrospective approach to longitudinal studies? a. asking how many victims of childhood abuse later abuse their own children b. asking how many child abuse victims' parents were also abuse victims c. asking how many offenders incarcerated in the state of New York have high school degrees d. none of the above is an example of a retrospective approach

Q: In addition to Ben's sports betting practice, he has a job in the captain's office helping crunch numbers and budgets.What does Ben accomplish by working in the captain's office?a. Vocational training will help Ben at his parole hearing. b. This is the concept of a furlough.c. He is working toward his degree in accounting.d. Correctional administration needs to keep inmates busy.

Q: Despite a record number of cars being stolen in Newark, NJ in 2000, Newark's auto theft rate was really lower than that of Miami, Denver and Chicago. The unit of analysis used in this example is? a. group b. organization c. individual d. social artifacts

Q: What type of study attempts to account for errors in drawing a sample by measuring the same people on two or more occasions? a. cohort study b. panel study c. trend study d. cross-sectional study

Q: Getting used to prison hasn"t been easy for Ben. He is a homosexual and was in a committed relationship on the outside, and now he misses his partner. Even though he is in an all-male institution, he has never been assaulted or victimized, even though there is a lot of male relationships. What is the most likely reason that Ben hasn"t been propositioned by other inmates?a. Ben's partner comes to visit and others know he is "off limits".b. Ben has been prisonized.c. Ben ignores the inmate social code. d. Ben is true to himself.

Q: Marvin Wolfgang's study of males born in Philadelphia in 1945 was an attempt to measure delinquency by following those males from their 10thbirthday until they were 18. This is an example of what type of study? a. cohort study b. panel study c. trend study d. cross-sectional study

Q: Ben has a beef with one of the other inmates. He hasn"t paid his gambling debt and keeps betting on other games.Ben is growing tired of dealing with the inmate but he is trying not to lose his head. Why won"t he go ahead and gethis money, at any cost?a. Ben is not a violent criminal.b. Ben is a low man in the prison hierarchy. c. There is an inmate social code.d. The importation model

Q: A major mid-western university does annual surveys of its alumni. These surveys are designed to gauge the attitudes that alumni hold about the university, its academic programs, and the major team sports. These surveys have been an annual event for the last two decades and represent which type of study? a. cohort study b. panel study c. trend study d. cross-sectional study

Q: Ben is an identity thief. His scam is really easy: he has skimmer that he puts on the credit card reader at the gas station. When unsuspecting patrons pay for their gasoline, Ben gets a copy of their credit card number. Ben has just bought a Mercedes Benz under one of his unsuspecting victim's names. When the dealer does the credit check, they find that there is an alert for potential stolen identity. Ben is arrested, charged, convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison.As an identity thief who is good with numbers and money, Ben makes friends inside prison pretty quickly. He runs a sports betting ring that both correctional officers and inmates are part of and gives pointers to some of the younger guys. Select the answer that aligns best with how Ben is able to carry himself on the inside.a. Ben's experience is a total institution.b. Ben is teaching classes in prison.c. Ben is part of the criminal university. d. Ben has adapted to being classified.

Q: Which of the following is not believed to be a reason that people fail on parole?a. Parolees are released into the same environment which contributed to their deviant behavior in the first place.b. Personal deficits that led to an offender's imprisonment are not addressed by institutionalization.c. The prison experience itself focuses more on punitive efforts than rehabilitation.d. The parole system places unrealistic expectations on ex-offenders that they cannot possibly meet.

Q: Which of the following is not a type of longitudinal study? a. cross-sectional study b. panel study c. trend study d. cohort study

Q: Which of the following would serve as an example of a cross sectional study? a. Uniform Crime Reports b. the 2010 U.S. census c. a single wave of the National Crime Victimization Survey d. both Uniform Crime Reports and a single wave of the National Crime Victimization Survey

Q: In which 1994 case did the court rule that prison officials are legally liable if, knowing that an inmate faces a serious risk of harm, they disregard that risk by failing to take measures to avoid or reduce it?a. Cooperv.Pate b. Shawv.Murphyc. Estellev.Gamble d. Farmer v. Brennan

Q: Which of the following would not be an example of social artifacts as units of analysis? a. newspaper editorials b. probation officers c. television news programs d. diaries

Q: Which of the following would not be an example of organizations as units of analysis? a. police departments b. federal courthouses c. drug treatment facilities d. civilians in the military

Q: Which of the following is a NOT a right that is lost by convicted felons? a. The right to remain married (divorce can be granted to the spouse) b. The right to hold public office c. Parental rights d. Medical rights

Q: Which of the following factors has been linked to recidivism? a. A history of physical and sexual abuse b. Maintenance of criminal peer association c. Harboring of aggressive feelings d. All of the above have been linked to recidivism.

Q: Households used by the National Crime Victimization Survey are an example of which unit of analysis? a. individuals b. groups c. social artifacts d. organizations

Q: All but which of the following would be a unit of analysis? a. individuals b. groups c. organizations d. social sentiments

Q: Which of the following statements is false about the effectiveness of parole? a. More than half of incarcerated offenders return to prison shortly after their release. b. Rearrest of offenders is most common in the first six months after release. c. 60 percent of parolees return to prison within three years of their release. d. The failure rate of parolees has dramatically decreased over the past ten years.

Q: In examining the relationship between drug use and crime discussed in your text, which of the following represents an internal validity threat? a. the amount of variation in drug use and crime participation b. the different patterns among different population groups means that there is no cause-and-effect relationship c. both drug use and crime can be attributed to other causes d. all of the above

Q: In recent years, the view of correctional officers has changed to; a. One where they have the most dangerous job in the U.S. b. One where they are seen as ruthless that enjoys their power c. One where they are viewed as public servants d. none of the above

Q: Causally related can also be expressed as a. one relies upon the other b. one precedes the other c. one causes the other d. none of the above

Q: Discuss the pros and cons of private prisons.

Q: Discuss the benefits and shortcomings of community correctional facilities. Have these programs been effective?

Q: Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem? a. internal validity b. statistical conclusion validity c. external validity d. construct validity

Q: Systematic error would be found in what type of validity problem? a. internal validity b. statistical conclusion validity c. external validity d. construct validity

Q: Discuss the benefits and shortcomings of two alternative correctional programs. Have these programs been effective?

Q: A researcher compared the recidivism rates of drug abusers that were given probation with those that were sentenced to prison and discovered that the recidivism rates were highest for those given prison. What potential error is reflected by this conclusion? a. internal validity b. statistical conclusion validity c. construct validity d. external validity

Q: Discuss the changes in design and treatment that go along with super-maximum-security prisons. Elaborate on the benefits and drawbacks of such a system.

Q: Discuss the role of technology in improving prison security.

Q: When two variables are empirically correlated with each other, they must: a. occur together b. occur at different times c. be on separate time and space continuums d. occur in succession

Q: List the five primary purposes of the nation's jails. Who are the typical jail inmates?

Q: Discuss the general conditions in a typical jail and the role of the new-generation jail in attempting to combat these problems.

Q: One common threat to statistical conclusion validity is: a. the manner in which a sample is pulled b. whether the sample is randomly selected c. the size of the sample d. all of the above are threats

Q: Our ability to determine whether a change in the cause is statistically associated with a change in the effect is referring to what type of validity? a. face validity b. statistical conclusion validity c. internal validity d. construct validity

Q: When we are concerned with whether we are correct in inferring that a cause produced an effect, we are concerned with the: a. reliability b. generalizability c. validity d. probability

Q: Discuss correctional trends that have occurred during the past fifty years.

Q: It is necessary to be charged before one can be convicted. This statement is representative of: a. real cause b. necessary cause c. sufficient cause d. probabilistic cause

Q: Which of the following does not represent a criterion for causality? a. there is a correlation between the cause and the effect b. the cause precedes the effect in time c. the change in the effect is not caused by some third variable d. it is not necessary for two variables to be correlated with each other

Q: Explain the influence of Quakers on the development of America's prisons.

Q: Elaborate on the history and origins of corrections in the U.S. Include a discussion of the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems.

Q: A typical_____facility is fortress like, surrounded by stone walls with guard towers that are strategically placed around the grounds.

Q: With respect to causation a. it is the focus of explanatory research b. it suggests a cause and effect relationship c. cause in social science is inherently probabilistic d. all of the above

Q: New generation jails allow for______ observation of residents.

Q: Social artifacts refer only to paper documents, such as newspapers, court opinions and police crime reports. a. True b. False

Q: Almost 9 out of 10 jail inmates are_____ .

Q: The idea that two variables must vary together (i.e. must be empirically correlated)is a nomothetic explanation ofcausality.a. Trueb. False

Q: Using the supervision of citizen volunteers called______ , Zebulon Brockway selected rehabilitated offenders for early release.

Q: Prospective studies are completed quickly since you only have to ask people to project what they would do or how they will act in the future. a. True b. False

Q: Retrospective studies have the danger of faulty memories or even subjects lying. a. True b. False

Q: _____is a prison sentence served in a boot-camp type facility.

Q: The U.S. Corrections Corporation opened the first____ prison in 1986.

Q: Explanatory studies are not cross-sectional. a. True b. False

Q: A halfway house is an example of a(n)_____ .

Q: Construct validity refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested. a. True b. False

Q: Boot camps are an example of_____ incarceration.

Q: Threats to internal validity result from nonrandom, systematic error. a. True b. False

Q: Joseph Maxwell identified "how credible and believable it is" as one criterion for assessing an idiographic explanation. a. True b. False

Q: Causation in social science is the foundation for exploratory research. a. True b. False

Q: In A(n)______ inmates have a great deal of personal freedom that sometimes includes work furloughs

Q: _____prisons are the most stringent type of facilities that lock down inmates 23 hours a day.

Q: _____are found primarily in the South and West and have been in operation since the 19thcentury.

Q: Science is the enterprise dedicated to exploring. a. True b. False

Q: Research involving observations of subjects involved in criminal activities may expose the researcher to ____________________.