Q&A Hero

Q: What is the most typical emotion felt by most inmates during the early part of their prison stay?a. Anger b. Depressionc. Hate d. Defeat

Q: The fact that prisons have inmates locked within their walls, are under constant scrutiny, and are forced to obey rules refers to the concept of:a. a total institution. b. the local jail.c. a complete secure policy. d. the penitentiary.

Q: Homosexual men are the largest target population for sexual violence and assault in the male dominated, single gendered institutions. a. True b. False

Q: Provide an example of the way in which the ecological fallacy is the result of errors with units of analysis. Explain in detail.

Q: Identify four threats to validity discussed in your text. Give an example of each.

Q: Congress enacted the prison rape reduction act in 2003 to reduce unwanted sexual advances on inmates by correctional officers. a. True b. False

Q: Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, a warden can decide that an inmate's lawsuit is frivolous and malicious, they can "strike" it down. a. True b. False

Q: Exploratory and descriptive studies frequently are in nature since they allow data to be gathered at one point in time.

Q: "Be sharp and don"t be a sucker" is one element of the inmate social code. a. True b. False

Q: When a researcher asks people to recall their past in order to obtain measurement of some phenomena over time, the technique is called a(n) ____________________ study.

Q: Interests, ideas, , and new programs are all possible beginning points for a line of research.

Q: African American inmates often suffer discrimination within the prison itself. a. True b. False

Q: If a researcher restricts the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in criminal justice research, they are committing the error of ?

Q: Before the 1960s, it was the norm for convicted criminals to forfeit all rights and be declared civilly dead in the eyes of the state. a. True b. False

Q: Criminal justice has difficulty with regard to causality because researchers encounter very few perfect measures of correlation.

Q: In order to avoid mistaken inferences, researchers must be careful to specify the people or phenomena being studied, known as the ____________________.

Q: In the most significant legal case concerning medical rights, the entire Alabama prison system's medical facilities were declared inadequate. a. True b. False

Q: Rather than trying to exclude or control possible outside influences, studies show such influences are involved in cause-and-effect relationships.

Q: The federal government has passed legislation criminalizing staff sexual misconduct against inmates. a. True b. False

Q: If a researcher is concerned with whether their findings can be generalized to another population or environment, the researcher is expressing concerns about validity.

Q: Conflict, violence, and brutality increase among inmates in direct relation to their housing security and custody level. a. True b. False

Q: When we are concerned with how well an observed relationship between variables represents the underlying causal process of interest we are concerned with validity.

Q: The inmate balance theory of the cause of collective violence suggests that riots and other forms of collective action occur when prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms. a. True b. False

Q: Scientists assess the truth of statements about cause by considering threats to .

Q: Most female inmates are women of color with small children. a. True b. False

Q: In research such as that done by the National Crime Victimization Survey the study technique is most frequently employed.

Q: The rate of HIV infection among state and federal prisoners has stabilized at around 2 percent a. True b. False

Q: The typical woman behind bars has a history of abuse and is incarcerated for low level drug or property offenses a. True b. False

Q: Research that aims to measure the recidivism rates for youths participating in a new boot camp program after its first year in operation may use the type of study.

Q: New inmates are often called "newjacks." a. True b. False

Q: A(n) cause is a condition that must be present for the effect to follow.

Q: A(n) cause is a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question.

Q: The Prison rape reduction act was established in 2003, a. True b. False

Q: What are some obstacles faced by the paroled inmate in the community? How do these obstacles influence the likelihood of recidivism?

Q: , units, and time are key elements in planning a research study.

Q: It is often said that social science is inherently probabilistic. What is meant by that? a. social sciences are probably hard to study b. the best that can be said of findings is that they are more or less likely to occur, never with certainty c. researchers can reduce the probability of findings being wrong to zero d. if the independent and dependent variables are truly causal one can be certain of the results

Q: Which of the following is true with respect to validity threats? a. internal validity leads to problems with generalization b. construct validity makes it easy to establish cause and effect c. internal validity arises from bias d. statistical conclusion validity impacts what groups the findings apply to

Q: States place a variety of controls/restrictions on former felons. Discuss several of these restrictions and the impact of such policies on prisoner re-entry.

Q: Which of the following is accurate with respect to time dimensions? a. a cross-sectional study is like a snapshot and produces an image at one point in time b. a trend study is like a series of snapshots in sequence over time c. a panel study is like a motion picture that looks at the same people over time d. all of the above

Q: Describe the criteria used by the courts in determining whether a punishment constitutes cruel and unusual conduct.

Q: Elaborate three substantive rights granted to prisoners by the courts.

Q: Which of the following is correct? a. X is a sufficient cause of Y if Y always happens when X is present b. Y is a necessary cause of X if Y always happens when X does c. X is a necessary cause of Y only if Y happens before X d. Y is a sufficient cause of X only if X happens before Y

Q: Which of the following is not a type of validity? a. internal b. external c. concept d. statistical conclusion

Q: Discuss the principles of the hands-off doctrine and how it shaped prisoners' rights prior to 1960.

Q: Compare and contrast the inmate balance and administrative control theories on prison riots.

Q: Which type of research study project is designed to permit observations over an extended period of time? a. cross-sectional studies b. latitudinal studies c. longitudinal studies d. proportional studies

Q: According to the text book, because time order is a requirement for causal inferences, the time dimension of research requires a. careful planning b. controlled environmental design c. a minimum of two researchers working in tandem d. none of the above

Q: Describe the phenomenon of prison violence. What efforts can be undertaken to reduce the chances of such violence?

Q: Which of the following is not true concerning a cohort study? a. all members of the cohort have something in common b. members of a cohort may be all born in the same year c. cohort members are studied as individuals as well as their group affiliation d. members of a cohort may be all police officers hired in a particular year

Q: Compare and contrast three forms of correctional treatment. Include a discussion of the effectiveness of each treatment.

Q: Discuss the elements of the Inmate Social Code.

Q: Which term best describesan overly strict limitation on the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in explaining the broad range of human behavior represented by crime and criminal justice policy? a. individualistic fallacy b. ecological fallacy c. reductionism d. pluralism

Q: How and why does the female inmate culture differ from male inmate culture? How do these differences affect adjustment to prison?

Q: Which of the following refers to the danger of making assertions about individuals as the unit of analysis based on the examination of groups or other aggregations? a. individualistic fallacy b. ecological fallacy c. reductionism d. pluralism

Q: Inmates with long histories of delinquent and antisocial behavior may have______ behavior into prison

Q: In an examination of violent crime among the most populous nations in the world, the United States ranks very high along with England, France and Australia. The chance of being raped is higher in France than in the United States. What units of analysis are being used? a. individuals b. organizations c. social artifacts d. groups

Q: In the following research conclusion, what units of analysis are being used? "An enormous variation of deviant activities was represented in a sample of 1,485 news items. We categorized these deviant activities into five general types of analysis: violence, economic, political, ideological/cultural and diversionary." a. individuals b. social artifacts c. organizations d. groups

Q: Observations of shoplifters in Pueblo, Colorado characterized as "72 percent men and 28 percent women, with an average age of 15.4 years" constitutes which type of analysis? a. descriptive analysis b. variegated analysis c. trend analysis d. cohort analysis

Q: Donald Clemmer's most important contribution to the world of corrections is his identification of the __________________ process.

Q: On the basis of the_____ they are given, they are assigned to a permanent facility.

Q: In criminal justice research, there is a great deal of variation in what or who is studiedwhich are technically known as a. causal inference b. population sampling distributions c. trend studies d. units of analysis

Q: Ex inmates may also find that going straight is an_____ impossibility.

Q: Rather than try to exclude or otherwise control possible outside influences, scientific realism studies how such influences are involved in a. external validity claims b. cause-and-effect relationships c. cohort and trend studies d. patterns and trends

Q: Inmates with strong______ have a better chance of making it on the outside.

Q: Professor Hardy has spent the last decade conducting a study of the effects of early childhood "Wellness" programs on subsequent delinquency. Every year, researchers visit participating families and collect a variety of data. Over the course of 10 years, many families have moved away and the research staff has been unable to locate them. What problem has Professor Hardy encountered? a. cross-sectional distortion b. cohort distortion c. panel attrition d. experimental mortality

Q: ______uses smaller caseloads and closer surveillance and is a form of parole reserved for more serious offenders.

Q: If prison administrators believe that correspondence between inmates undermines prison security, the_____Amendment rights of inmates can be curtailed.

Q: Which of the following would allow a researcher to measure change in a general population over time? a. trend study b. cohort study c. panel study d. cross-sectional study

Q: The two distinct theories of the cause of collective violence are the inmate balance theory and the_____theory.

Q: Which of the following is an example of a panel study? a. National Incident-based Reporting System b. U.S. Census c. National Crime Victimization Survey d. Uniform Crime Reports

Q: Dr. Stone is interested in comparing the attitudes about teenage pregnancy between the United States and the Netherlands. He selects samples in both countries of 10 year old males and females and plans to survey a portion of them every other year for the next ten years. Stone is using what technique? a. cross-sectional study b. trend study c. cohort study d. panel study

Q: The first treatment programs in prison were______ .

Q: In______ , the inmate is released when the unserved portion of the maximum prison term equals his or her earned good time (minus time served in jail awaiting trial)

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a cross-sectional study? a. the study is conducted at one point in time b. cross-sectional studies for explanatory or evaluation purposes have an inherent flaw c. the study assesses changes that take place in a specific sample over time d. it allows a large population to be examined at a specific point in time

Q: A study of the commentary made about the Patriot Act in 50 major newspapers' editorials found that newspapers in the northeast gave more attention to the subject than did papers in any other part of the country. What is the unit of analysis being used? a. newspaper editorials b. Patriot Act c. area of the country d. newspaper names

Q: Helping inmates obtain jobs after release is an example of a______ program.

Q: While some inmates violate the code and exploit their peers, the_______ is someone who uses the inmate social code as his personal behavior guide.

Q: A survey distributed on a college campus discovered that males support the death penalty in greater numbers than do females. The units of analysis in this case would be a. social artifacts b. groups c. organizations d. individuals

Q: Female inmates often form groups called______ to cope with prison life.

Q: Which of the following are social artifacts? a. citizen attitudes about the death penalty b. police crime reports c. cities with over 250,000 inhabitants d. months of the year